周华丽,陈明川
(海南省第二人民医院眼科1、检验科2,海南 五指山 572299)
高频泪道浚通联合术基层应用及相关问题分析
周华丽1,陈明川2
(海南省第二人民医院眼科1、检验科2,海南 五指山 572299)
目的 比较两种高频泪道浚通联合术在基层不同患者群、不同病期应用的疗效,同时分析影响疗效的主要相关问题。方法随机把95例(155只眼)患有泪道阻塞的患者,分为无管组47例(73只眼)和义管组48例(82只眼)。两组均施行高频泪道浚通术,无管组联合贝复舒(重组牛碱性成纤维生长因子)滴眼液留置;义管组联合硅胶义管植入。慢性泪囊炎患者行病原微生物检测。术后均泪道冲洗,观察两组患者的治疗效果。随访9~12个月。结果无管组73只眼,炎症期38只眼、治愈23只眼、好转6只眼,总有效率为76.3%;稳定期35只眼、治愈26只眼、好转2只眼,总有效率80.0%。义管组82只眼,炎症期42只眼、治愈37只眼、好转3只眼,总有效率为95.2%;稳定期40只眼、治愈37只眼、好转2只眼,总有效率为97.5%。炎症期和稳定期两组疗效比较,其差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高频泪道浚通联合硅胶义管植入术治疗多种泪道阻塞可取得良好的疗效。掌握术中的操作要点,术前、术中、术后的泪道冲洗和微生物学分析是手术成功的关键。
高频泪道浚通联合术;基层应用;相关问题
泪道阻塞主要有上泪道(泪小管、泪总管)阻塞、下泪道(鼻泪管)阻塞和全泪道(泪小管、泪总管和鼻泪管)阻塞。我们根据脓性分泌物的有无分为炎症期(即慢性泪囊炎)和稳定期,并采用高频泪道浚通术联合贝复舒滴眼液留置或硅胶义管植入治疗。本文旨在比较两种高频泪道浚通联合术在基层不同患者群、不同病期应用的疗效,同时分析影响疗效的主要相关问题,报道如下:
1.1 一般资料 本组95例(155只眼)均为2011年10月至2014年1月在我科门诊就诊和义诊收治的患者,经临床检查确诊为泪道阻塞(包括慢性泪囊炎),其中男性9例(15只眼),女性86例(140只眼);年龄23~75岁;农村64例(97只眼),城镇31例(58只眼),将以上患者随机分为无管组47例(73只眼)和义管组48例(82只眼)。本组患者根据《眼科学》第7版的标准诊断[1]。纳入标准:年龄为10~75岁被确诊为多种泪道阻塞的患者(包括:慢性泪囊炎、上泪道阻塞、全泪道阻塞、小泪囊、泪囊黏液囊肿、鼻腔泪囊吻合术失败者)。以下病例均排除:鼻泪管阻塞并发急性泪囊炎、泪囊肿物、泪囊摘除术后、无泪小点、先天性泪道缺如、鼻骨骨折患者及患有严重心脏病或安装有心脏起搏器患者。
1.2 治疗方法 无管组采用高频泪道浚通术联合贝复舒滴眼液2ml注入留置。义管组在施行高频泪道浚通术同时联合硅胶义管倒“U”型植入。术前对泪道阻塞炎症期有脓性分泌物者行病原微生物检测,结合药敏结果,全身应用抗生素。以上患者术后均定期加压冲洗泪道,术后第二天开始予0.5%庆大霉素地塞米松液或敏感药物稀释液5ml冲洗泪道、1次/d、共3次;若无分泌物、每月一次;若有较多脓性分泌物、每日一次、冲洗至无分泌物后改为每月一次。硅胶义管于3~6个月后取出。
1.3 疗效判断标准[2]术后患者均随访9~12个月,观察有无溢泪、泪囊分泌物及泪道通畅情况。治愈:冲洗泪道通畅,溢泪、溢脓症状消失;好转:冲洗泪道通而不畅,溢泪减轻、无溢脓;无效:泪道冲洗不通畅,溢泪、溢脓无缓解。
1.4 统计学方法 应用SPSS19.0统计软件进行数据分析,计数资料采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 微生物检测结果 53例(80只眼)标本中有菌生长47例,占88.7%,无菌生长6例(占11.3%),共分离培养出菌株53株,其中6例分离出二种菌。53株常见病原菌检出率及脓液特点见表1。
表1 53株常见病原菌检出率及脓液特点
2.2 两组治疗效果比较 无管组73只眼,炎症期38只眼、治愈23只眼、好转6只眼,治愈率为60.5%,总有效率为76.3%;稳定期35只眼、治愈26只眼、好转2只眼,治愈率为74.3%,总有效率为80%。义管组82只眼,炎症期42只眼、治愈37只眼、好转3只眼,治愈率为88.1%,总有效率为95.2%;稳定期40只眼、治愈37只眼、好转2只眼,治愈率为92.5%,总有效率为97.5%。下泪小管撕裂2例(3只眼)。义管组患者炎症期和稳定期总有效率均高于无管组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
高频泪道浚通术原理是利用高频电碳化膜鼻泪管内的阻塞组织,恢复鼻泪管通畅[3]。本结果显示,高频泪道浚通联合硅胶义管植入术治疗多种泪道阻塞可取得良好的疗效。掌握术中的操作要点,术前、术中、术后的泪道冲洗和微生物学分析是手术成功的关键。
3.1 术中的操作要点 ①坚持先探通后碳化的原则,泪道浚通能有效避免假道的形成[4]。探通时旋转进针,注意方向及阻塞部位的定位,这亦有助于减少假道。②有意识地摆动探针,以扩大电灼作用范围[3]。③退针时坚持连续旋转电灼退针原则,避免遗留未电灼的组织。④如阻塞严重或组织疤痕化,在必要时可点烧探入,点烧后仍应旋转进针[1]。
3.2 泪道冲洗 泪道冲洗贯穿泪道阻塞患者术前、术中、术后各期。对于脓性分泌物较多的慢性泪囊炎患者,术前用0.5%庆大霉素地塞米松液或敏感药物稀释液5ml冲洗泪道,有效降低术后感染的机会。手术中,在开始探通电灼浚通前,再次冲洗泪道,把残留的脓性分泌物冲洗。电灼浚通后亦冲洗泪道,有利于碳化组织碎屑及脱落细胞的清除。术后定期加压冲洗可清除脱落的组织碎屑,同时抑制瘢痕增生,保证手术成功。
在高频泪道浚通术中、术后联合贝复舒滴眼药留置泪道中,有隔离创面,促进泪道壁修复等作用[5]。但笔者此次观察有以下体会:留置贝复舒滴眼液于泪道中,需坚持连续泪道加压冲洗,尤其对慢性泪囊炎患者。因贝复舒滴眼液在促进创面恢复的同时会稀释水化,不宜滞留过久,如不坚持冲洗,可使泪道内分泌物增多,增加泪道感染的机会。
冲洗时尽量从上泪点进针,避免下泪小管撕裂。一般认为,约3/4的泪水由下泪小点排除[6]。本研究中,2例农村患者因条件受限及依从性较差,术后在当地卫生院行泪道冲洗导致下泪小管撕裂伤。
3.3 微生物学分析 适宜的标本采集时机及方法,有利提高检出率。我们选择对象为未用过药物治疗的或停用抗生素一周以上的诊断为慢性泪囊炎的患者,用装有0.5ml生理盐水的冲洗注射器,通过上泪小点进针,在泪囊中注水吸取脓液,立刻送检。
最近文献报道,慢性泪囊炎病例中脓性分泌物细菌培养占首位的是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,占34%,其中表皮葡萄球菌占16.4%[7]。本组检测发现,从慢性泪囊炎患者标本中分离的优势菌株亦主要为表皮葡萄球菌,检出率为35.85%,同时发现由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染的标本多具有白、稀、黏的特点;且大部分凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对克林霉素、利福平、妥布霉素敏感。这有利指导我们临床用药。由于标本量较少,日后将增加标本量,提供更全面的病原学检测统计分析。
[1]赵堪兴,杨培增.眼科学[M].7版.北京:人民卫生出版社.2010:71.
[2]吴欣恰,张军和,申家泉,等.新型泪道引流装置治疗泪道狭窄及泪小管断裂临床分析[J].中国实用眼科杂志,2005,23(6):620-623.
[3]王智崇,陈家祺.鼻泪管阻塞的治疗现状[J].中国实用眼科杂志,2001,19:4-6.
[4]Mohamad SH,Khan I,Shakeel M,et al.Long-term results of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with and without stenting[J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2013,95(3):196-199.
[5]黄漫清,杨小红.高频泪道浚通术联合贝复舒治疗泪道阻塞的应用[J].赣南医学院学报,2007,27(2):263-264.
[6]刘祖国.眼表疾病学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2003:263.
[7]张凤梅,尚彦霞,冯 琳.181例慢性泪囊炎细菌培养及药敏试验初步分析[J].中国药物与临床,2014,14(6):850-852.
Application of high-frequent electrolacryocystoplasty joint operations at the grass-roots level and the related problems.
ZHOU Hua-li1,CHEN Ming-chuan2.Department of Ophthalmology1,Department of Clinical Laboratory2, the Second People's Hospital of Hainan Province,Wuzhishan572200,Hainan,CHINA
ObjectiveTo compare the therapeutic effects of two kinds of high-frequent electrolacryocystoplasty joint operations at the grass-roots level in different groups of patients at different stage of illness,and to analyze the main related problems affecting the curative effect.MethodsTotally95 patients(155 eyes)with lachrymal duct obstruction diseases were randomly divided into no-pipe group(47 patients,73 eyes)and pipe group(48 patients,82 eyes).The two groups both received high-frequent electrolacryocystoplasty joint operation.The patients of no-pipe group were treated with injecting bFGF(basic fibroblast growth factor),and the patients of pipe group were treated with silicone intubation.Patients with chronic dacryocystitis were detected with pathogenic microorganisms.After operation,all the patients were treated by duct flushing.Treatment results of two groups were followed up for9~12 months.The curative effect was observed.ResultsIn the no-pipe group(73 eyes),of the38 eyes in inflammation stage,23 were cured and6 were improved,with the effective rate of76.3%.Of the35 eyes in stable stage,26 were cured and2 were improved,with the effective rate of80.0%.In the pipe group(82 eyes),of the42 eyes in inflammation stage,37 were cured and3 were improved,with the effective rate of95.2%.Of the40 eyes in stable stage,37 were cured and2 were improved,with the effective rate of97.5%.There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the clinical efficacy in both inflammation stage and stable stage(P<0.05).ConclusionHigh-frequent electrolacryocystoplasty combined with silicone intubation is more effective on lachrymal passage obstruction. Before,in and after the operation,grasping the key points of operation,lachrymal duct flushing,and microbiological analysis play important roles for the success of the operation.
High-frequent electrolacryocystoplasty joint operation;Grass-roots level;Related problems
R777.2
A
1003—6350(2015)16—2388—03
2014-11-18)
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2015.16.0861
海南省卫生厅医学科研项目(编号:琼卫2012PT—78)
周华丽。E-mail:ZhouHuali67@126.com