蒋 娅 综述,李 波 审校
急性肺栓塞(acute pulmonary embolism,APE)是一种潜在的致命性疾病,右心功能不全(right ventricular dysfunction,RVD)是APE患者危险分层的重要指标,也是住院期间临床死亡的预测因素[1]。RVD是APE常见的严重并发症,栓子阻塞肺动脉引起血管机械因素、神经反射及体液调节等因素发生变化,轻者不会引起显著改变,重者可出现肺循环阻力增加,右心负荷增大,室壁张力增高,引起右心衰竭。研究显示RVD与APE患者的预后密切相关[2]。早期识别这类患者有助于临床决策的快速实施,合并RVD的患者可从溶栓疗法、外科取栓术中获益[1]。近年来,心肌损伤标志物、超声心动图、CT肺血管成像等作为评估心室大小及心脏功能的重要检查手段已广泛开展[3-4]。本文主要探讨APE患者右心功能相关指标的临床变化及临界诊断值。
超声心动图对评价心功能有独特的优势,可测量心房及心室的形态、运动幅度、大小,室间隔的厚度以及测定肺动脉内径和肺动脉压,同时能测定三尖瓣返流情况、右心室射血分数等心功能指数,可在检出肺栓塞的同时观察到患者右心功能异常[5]。是目前评估急性肺栓塞患者合并RVD的主要诊断手段,Becattini等[6]认为符合以下标准至少一项以上可诊断为RVD:①右心室运动功能减退(右心室的收缩不对称或延迟);②室间隔反常运动或右心室扩大(四腔心切面右室舒张末期内径>30 mm或右室/左室舒张末期内径>1);③肺动脉高压:肺动脉收缩压>40 mmHg。Jaff等[7]认为超声心动图评价RVD的指南不够准确。目前RVD的各种诊断标准如下。定性评估:①右心室游离壁运动减弱[6,8];②室间隔反常运动[6];③McConnell征[6,8]。定量评估:①右心室扩大[6-9]:舒张末期右室/左室横向间隔直径 > 0.9[7]、胸骨旁观右室舒张末期直径 >30 mm[6,9];②肺动脉高压[6,9]:三尖瓣返流[6,9]、肺动脉收缩压 > 30 mmHg[6,9]。Cho 等[10]以超声诊断标准将3283名血流动力学稳定的APE患者分为RVD和非RVD组,RVD组患者短期死亡率增加2.29倍,其中住院期间死亡率增加2.60倍,30 d死亡率增加1.98倍。研究表明通过超声心动图评价的RVD的患者属于临床高危人群,其住院期间并发症和远期死亡率增加。
APE的严重程度与心电图改变呈正相关,急性肺栓塞的患者常常合并胸前导联T波倒置。研究表明,前壁导联T波倒置(NTW)是APE患者合并RVD的最常见的心电图表现[11]。NTW出现可能与急性肺源性心脏病的进展有关,肺动脉主干或分支阻塞,肺血管床容量减少,肺内血液循环阻力增加,进而引起肺动脉高压,急性右室负荷增加,右心室急剧扩张,导致右室功能不全,右室排血量减少,此外右室扩张会引起室间隔左移,左心室舒张期充盈不足,左室心搏量下降,主动脉与右心室之间压力差变小,冠状动脉灌注不足,而且肺栓塞发生时,各种化学介质、如儿茶酚胺,组胺的释放引起冠状动脉收缩,共同引起心肌缺血,心肌复极顺序发生改变,出现 ST-T 改变[11-12]。Choi等[13]通过多因素回归分析证实 NTW 与 RVD 相关(0R=22.8,P=0.007),相比其他心电图特征和实验室指标,胸前导联T波倒置大于3个以上是RVD的重要预测因素,NTW的动态变化伴随右心功能的变化,前壁导联倒置T波的消失可以预测右心功能的恢复。Punukollu等[14]发现V1~V3导联T波倒置诊断RVD的特异性高,敏感性中等。Kukla等[15]发现T波倒置个数是评估APE患者住院期间相关并发症和死亡率的独立预测因子。S1Q3T3可反映QRS初始向量向右上偏移,提示急性右心扩张,是APE患者的典型心电图表现,新发的右束支阻滞(RBBB)提示肺动脉主干栓塞,RBBB及S1Q3T3诊断RVD特异性高,敏感性低,其出现强烈提示APE患者合并右心功能不全,但排除诊断价值不高[16]。RBBB、S1Q3T3、V1 ~ V4导联T波倒置与右心室负荷增加有关,这些心电图表现增加了对RVD患者预后的评估价值[11]。
N端-前脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)是由76个氨基酸残基组成的N端肽片段。心室壁负荷增加是导致NT-proBNP血中含量升高的最强刺激因素,对于预测心力衰竭具有较高的灵敏度和特异度[17]。临床上已广泛应用于左心功能不全的评估以及慢性心衰患者预后的分析。近年来国外学者研究应用生物标志物对APE患者进行风险评估,在无其他导致BNP释放的因素(左心衰竭,肾脏疾病等)影响下,NT-proBNP是右心功能不全的有效标志物。肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)是心肌损伤标志物,具有高度特异性、敏感性,国内外学者发现肺栓塞并发RVD的患者cTnT显著升高,可能与肺栓塞所致右室急剧扩张,心肌缺血坏死以及继发冠状动脉痉挛有关,近来研究发现cTnT升高与APE疾病严重程度及预后明显相关[18]。Choi等[19]通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析相关生物标志物在RVD中的诊断作用,其最佳临界值标准如下,NT-proBNP 620 pg/mL,cTnT 0.016 ng/mL,肌钙蛋白 I(cTnI)0.055 ng/mL,这些重要血清学指标诊断RVD敏感性高,特异性中等,多因素回归分析提示NT-proBNP>620 pg/mL,cTnT>0.016 ng/mL是预测RVD的独立生化因子,也是住院期间APE患者死亡率的有效预测因素。研究发现cTnT、cTnI的水平能反应RVD的严重程度及APE疾病的严重性[2]。cTnT和NT-proBNP升高提示心肌损害、右心功能不全严重,临床中可伴随血流动力学不稳定,意识障碍等严重表现,NT-proBNP预测APE患者30 d全因死亡率的最佳临界值为4740 pg/mL,此标志物的检测对于短期预后的评估尤其重要[20]。多因素回归分析提示 NT-proBNP >300 pg/mL,cTnT >0.027 ng/mL是预测患者全因死亡率的最佳指标组合。Logeart等[21]认为cTnI升高与重度RVD相关,cTnI>0.1 μg/L可预测严重右心功能不全,阳性预测值为85%。心肌特异性标记物是心肌损伤的可靠证据,cTnI升高会增加血流动力学恶化的风险,APE合并cTnI显著升高的患者住院期间死亡率增加,临床严重并发症较多,更加需要溶栓治疗[22-23]。D-二聚体是可疑性 APE的诊断指标,Rydman等[24]发现 D-二聚体 >3 mg/L 可识别次大面积肺栓塞合并RVD的患者,有助于风险评估。Jeebun等[25]发现升高的D-二聚体水平与血栓负荷过重、血栓位置靠近中心动脉密切相关。
CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)扫描时间分辨力和空间分辨力的提高,使得通过CT评价肺栓塞合并右心功能不全成为可能,近年来有大量CT诊断RVD相关征象的报道,He等[26]发现CT提示的右心室增大和室间隔左移可作为区分RVD的主要征象,当采用CT血栓负担评分系统对肺血管阻塞程度进行分级时,RVD组的平均血栓负担分值更高。CT肺动脉栓塞指数(PAOI)评分可以定量分析肺动脉树的阻塞程度,并对右心功能进行评价,结合心血管结构的测量,可预测致命事件,有助于风险评估,帮助临床医生选择最佳治疗手段[27]。CT肺动脉阻塞指数率(PACTOIR)不仅提供了血栓存在的客观证据,还可以估测血栓的重量,诊断RVD的临界值为PACTOIR >37.5%[28]。目前较为普遍采用的评分为Mastora和 Qanadli评分方法,Apfaltrer等[29]发现合并RVD组的肺动脉栓塞评分,双侧心室直径比和容积比明显高于无RVD组,Qanadli评分和Mastora评分还可以筛选出重度RVD患者,研究人员通过受试者工作特征曲线诊断合并RVD的患者,其中当轴向切面右室与左室内径比值(RV/LVaxial)>1.18,重建四腔心切面右室与左室内径比值(RV/LV4ch)>1.29,三维右室容积与左室容积(RVV/LVV)>1.39,Qanadli评分 >20,Mastora评分 >46 可以认为APE患者合并有右心功能不全。Aribas等[30]发现轴向切面心室内径比值诊断RVD的价值优于肺动脉阻塞评分,多因素回归分析示RV/LVaxial比值和肺动脉内径是 RVD的独立预测因子[31-33]。Kang等[34]用CT相关的右心功能参数评价APE患者的预后。室间隔位置异常,下腔静脉对比返流,RVD/LVD4-CH >1.0,以及 RVV/LVV >1.2是患者临床预后不佳的独立预测因子,其中重建四腔心切面心室直径比和三维心室容积比是30 d死亡的预测因素[32]。Trujillo-Santos 等[35]对来自 10 个研究机构的1188例患者进行系统评价与荟萃分析,CT相关右心功能参数与APE患者死亡率、住院期间并发症密切相关。CT对右心功能不全的评价尚无统一标准,其诊断价值需要进行大量病例的分析。
临床上将右心功能不全列为急性肺栓塞风险分层的主要指标[36],及时识别这类高危患者对于制订合理的治疗方案、改善近远期预后尤为重要。评估右心功能不全的任何一种检查手段都不是独立的,对各项指标进行综合分析,有利于提高对RVD的诊断准确率。
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