右美托咪定用于七氟醚诱导气管插管时血流动力学及BIS的变化*
网络出版时间:2015-03-19网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.5012.R.20150319.1014.024.html
咸淑悦, 周妙苗, 马敏, 王成夭**
(武汉大学中南医院 麻醉科, 湖北 武汉430071)
[摘要]目的: 观察右美托咪定对七氟醚诱导气管插管时血流动力学及镇静深度的影响。方法: 择期全麻下行耳鼻喉手术患者36例,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机均分为对照组(A组)、高剂量芬太尼组(B组)、右美托咪定组(C组),A、B组诱导时分别给予芬太尼2 μg/kg和4 μg/kg,C组麻醉诱导前15 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定1.0 μg/kg,诱导时给予芬太尼2 μg/kg;3组均给予七氟醚“潮气量法”诱导,记录3组患者给药前(T0)、开始吸入七氟醚即刻 (T1)、气管插管前即刻 (T2)、气管插管后即刻 (T3)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、脑电双频指数(BIS)并分析。结果: 3组患者T0时点基础BIS、SBP、DBP及HR比较;差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);T1与T0时点比较,C组SBP、HR及BIS值显著低于A、B两组,T2时点C组患者的SBP 显著高于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);T3时点C组患者的SBP、DBP及HR显著低于A组,BIS低于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论: 七氟醚诱导插管时右美托咪定在降低BIS的同时可维持稳定的血流动力学。
[关键词]右美托咪定; 七氟醚; 脑电双频指数; 血流动力学; 插管法,气管内
七氟醚用于麻醉诱导有较好的有效性和安全性。较低浓度的七氟醚对循环系统的抑制作用小于其它静脉麻醉药物,但不能有效的抑制气管插管对血流动力学产生的应激反应;高浓度的七氟醚对循环系统的抑制增加,易造成血流动力学紊乱,因此常需联合使用其它药物使麻醉诱导插管过程更加平稳。有研究报道麻醉前使用右美托咪定可维持麻醉诱导时血流动力学平稳,并可减少麻醉药物用量。本文用1.0 μg/kg负荷剂量右美托咪定联合七氟醚进行麻醉诱导,探讨美托咪定用于七氟醚诱导气管插管时血流动力学及双频指数(BIS)的变化,报道如下。
1资料与方法
择期全麻下行耳鼻喉手术治疗的患者36例,ASA评分Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,年龄20~55岁,体重指数<28 kg/m2,所有患者术前无心血管、呼吸及内分泌系统疾病史,未使用心血管活性药物,无精神病史及药物过敏史,无电解质紊乱、肝肾功能异常。在获医院伦理委员会批准,病人知情同意情况下,随机将手术患者均分为对照组(A组),高剂量芬太尼组(B组),右美托咪定组(C组)。3组患者性别比、年龄、体重、体重指数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
所有受试者术前45 min给予阿托品0.5 mg静脉注射,入室连续监测患者BIS、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)及脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2),监测呼气末二氧化碳浓度(PETCO2)及呼气末七氟醚浓度(CETSev)。A、B两组诱导时分别给予芬太尼2 μg/kg和4 μg/kg;C组患者于麻醉诱导前15 min内静脉泵注浓度4 μg/mL的右美托咪定1.0 μg/kg,诱导时给予芬太尼2 μg/kg。3组患者均给予七氟醚“潮气量法”诱导,吸入七氟醚浓度为8%,新鲜氧流量为6 L/min,半紧闭回路,紧闭面罩嘱患者平静呼吸,开始吸入七氟醚时立即给予芬太尼,30 s内推注,待患者睫毛反射消失后将七氟醚浓度调至5%,同时给予罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,行辅助控制通气。吸入诱导3 min后行气管插管(男性7.5号弹簧管,女性7.0号弹簧管)。1 min内完成插管,之后行机械通气IPPV模式,潮气量8~10 mL/kg,呼吸频率12次/min,吸呼比1∶2。
记录给予右美托咪定前(T0)、开始吸入七氟醚即刻(T1)、气管插管前即刻(T2)及气管插管后即刻(T3)4个时点的BIS、SBP、DBP及HR。
2结果
三组患者T0时点基础BIS、SBP、DBP及HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T1与T0时点比较,C组患者SBP、HR及BIS均低于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。T2时点与T1时点比较,A组与B组患者的SBP、DBP、HR、BIS均显著降低,C组患者仅SBP与BIS显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。T3时点与T2时点比较A、B组患者SBP、DBP、HR、BIS均显著升高(P<0.05),而C组患者则无显著变化(P>0.05)。T1时点C组患者的HR、BIS显著低于A、B两组,T2时点C组患者的SBP显著高于A、B两组,T3时点C组患者的SBP、DBP、HR显著低于A组, BIS值显著低于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
3讨论
全身麻醉诱导后行气管插管可引起强烈的心血管反应,主要由于刺激了位于咽喉部和气管内的感受器,导致交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋性增强。研究显示,喉镜置入之后30~45 s时的心血管反应最为强烈,大约持续3~5 min。而机
表1 三组手术患者各时点BIS、SBP、DBP及
(1)与组内T1时点比较,P<0.05;(2)与组内T2时点比较,P<0.05;与C组同一时点比较,(3)P<0.05
体血压与心率的变化同血浆儿茶酚胺的水平是相一致的。右美托咪定是一种强效的、高选择性的α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,通过减少去甲肾上腺素在神经效应接头的释放,产生降低交感神经张力的作用,使血压轻度下降和心率中度下降。当持续输注右美托咪定时,能达到期望的稳定的血流动力学反应。本研究结果显示给予负荷量右美托咪定后,患者血压、心率显著降低,与Kunisawa等的研究结果一致。C组患者麻醉诱导插管过程中血压与心率波动较小,表明麻醉诱导前给予1 μg/kg负荷剂量右美托咪定能够使七氟醚吸入麻醉诱导插管过程血流动力学更加平稳。
BIS可用于定量监测大脑的镇静深度,BIS值与患者的镇静深度具有良好的一致性[10]。在七氟醚麻醉中BIS也可作为可靠的监测镇静水平和麻醉深度的指标[11]。本试验输注右美托咪定后C组BIS值显著降低(P<0.05)。而气管插管后C组BIS值无明显变化,A组和B组BIS值较插管前升高(P<0.05),且高于C组(P<0.05),表明右美托咪定可加强七氟醚麻醉的镇静效应。
综上所述,麻醉前给予1 μg/kg负荷剂量右美托咪定可降低BIS值同时可维持七氟醚诱导插管过程中稳定的血流动力学。
参考文献4
[1]Liu SJ, Li Y, Sun B, et al. A comparison between vital capacity induction and tital breathing induction techniques for the induction of anesthesia and compound A production. Chin Med J (Engl), 2010(17):2336-2340.
[2]颜学滔,程晓莉,高涛,等.右美托咪定对七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导气管插管应激反应的影响.湖北民族学院学报:医学版, 2012(1):1-3.
[3]Hye WS, Hye NY, Dong HK,et al. Preanestheticdexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg single infusion is a simple,easy,and economic adjuvant for general anesthesia.Korean J Anesthesiol, 2013(2):114-120.
[4]Heeseung Lee. The Pentax airway scope versus the Macintosh laryngoscope: Comparison of hemodynamic responses and concentrations of plasma norepinephrine to tracheal intubation . Korean J Anesthesiol, 2013(4):315-320.
[5]李民,蔡宏伟,陈雪华. 舒芬太尼诱导对气管插管条件和血流动力学的影响 . 贵阳医学院学报, 2010(3):268-271.
[6]吴伟强. 盐酸右美托咪啶在全身麻醉腹部手术拔管期的应用. 贵阳医学院学报, 2013(4):404-405.
[7]Yu J, Lu Y, Dong C, et al. Premedication with intravenous dexmedetomidine-midazolam suppresses fentanyl-induced cough.Ir J Med Sci, 2012(4):517-520.
[8]Pyry AV, Tuula AS, Andrew W, et al. Population Pharmacokinetics of Dexmedetomidine in Critically ш Patients . Clin Drug Investig, 2013(8):579-587.
[9]Kunisawa T, Nagata O, Nagashima M, et al. Dexmedetomidine suppresses the decrease in blood pressure during anestheticinduction and blunts the cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation. J ClinAnesh, 2009(3):194-199.
[10]Saeed A, Reihanak T, Babak J, et al. Bispectral index response to cricoid pressure during induction of general anesthesia . J Res Med Sci, 2011(1):63-67.
[11]Tae KS, Min KH, Hee JL, et al.Bispectral index and their relation with consciousness of the patients who receive desflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia during wake-up test for spinal surgery for correction. Korean J Anesthesial, 2012(1):13-18.
(2015-01-05收稿,2015-02-21修回)
中文编辑: 吴昌学; 英文编辑: 刘华
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on the Hemodynamic and BIS during
Anesthetic Induction with Sevoflurane and Tracheal Intubation
XIAN Shuyue, ZHOU Miaomiao, MA Min, WANG Chengyao
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,ZhongnanHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan430071,Hubei,China)
[Abstract]Objective: To observe the effect of dexmedetomidine on the hemodynamic and BIS during anesthetic induction with sevoflurane and tracheal intubation. Methods: Thirty-six American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status I and II patients, undergoing selective otorhinolaryngologic operation under general anesthesia were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received saline solution 15 minutes before anesthetic induction and fentanyl 2 μg/kg during induction; Group B received saline solution 15 minutes before anesthetic induction and fentanyl 4 μg/kg during induction; Group C received dexmedetomidine at an initial dose of 1.0 μg/kg 15 minutes before anesthetic induction and fentanyl 2 μg/kg during induction. Patients of the three groups all received tidal breathing induction with sevoflurane. The hemodynamic parameters: systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), heart rate(HR) and BIS were recorded at four time points: the moment before the use of saline solution or dexmedetomidine (T0), the moment before sevoflurane induction(T1), the moment before intubation(T2) and the moment after intubation(T3).Results: Compared with T0, SBP and HR of Group C at T1were significantly lower than those of Group A and Group B (P<0.05); SBP of Group C was siginificantly higher than that of Group A and Group B at T2(P<0.05); At T3, SBP, DBP and HR of Group C were significantly lower than those of Group A (P<0.05) while BIS of Group C was lower than that of Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can reduce BIS value and make the hemodynamic stable during the induction with sevoflurane and tracheal intubation.
[Key words]dexmedetomidine; sevoflurane; bispectral index; hemodynamic; intubation,intra tracheal
[中图分类号]R614.24
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1000-2707(2015)03-0294-03
通信作者**E-mail:my-307@163.com
[基金项目]*武汉大学自主科研青年教师项目(No:2042014kf0188)