来自北欧的朋友：携手双“E”合作 共创绿色经济

□ 文/郑莹（四川外国语大学国际关系学院硕士研究生）

城市简介

1954年10月5日，挪威与中国建立正式外交关系，双方在一系列领域中保持着广泛合作，从造船、海上石油技术和海洋资源开发，到教育、文化交流、能源、环境与气候变化的合作，再到北极合作。两国的深入交流合作为重庆市与南特郡结为友城提供了契机。

2005年10月，重庆市与南特郡签订了《中国重庆与挪威南特伦德拉格郡友好合作协议》，该协议以能源（Energy）和环境贸易（Environmental Trade）合作为重点，受益双方，双方均认为有必要进一步发展双方关系。2007年6月14日，在重庆市直辖10周年纪念之际，南特格郡一代表团受邀来到重庆，共同庆祝并签署姐妹市协议。在重庆积极贯彻落实《国家应对气候变化规划（2014-2015）》的方案过程中，南特郡提供了技术、资金方面的支持。该郡与重庆在低碳能源产业上合作前景广阔。

外事知识

可持续发展

可持续发展是指在保护环境的条件下既满足当代人的需求，又以不损害后代人的需求为前瞻的发展模式。具体包含三方面内容：其一是环境要素，指尽量减少对环境的损害；其二是社会要素，指仍然要满足人类自身的需要；其三是经济要素，指必须在经济上有利可图。它的基本原则有四个:第一,适度原则，它是以低耗、高效、无废、少废的生产方式和适度消费方式为核心，以合理分配、共同富裕和消除贫困为宗旨的社会进步过程；第二，和谐原则，必须按照人与自然和谐发展，人与环境、资源相协调的基本原则建立节约型的国民经济体系，这种体系既要符合经济规律又要适应生态规律的要求；第三，系统原则，必须运用系统论观点使社会的经济、政治、技术及管理等形成一个大系统，建立起有效的持续发展的机制；第四，未来原则，要为他们子孙后代留有足够能力的持续发展目标创造可靠的保证，使人类能够保持种族的延续。

绿色新政

“绿色新政”是由联合国秘书长潘基文在2008年底联合国气候变化大会上提出的一个新概念。这一理念是对环境友好型政策的统称，主要涉及环境保护、污染防治、节能减排、气候变化等与人和自然的可持续发展相关的重大问题。“绿色新政”的基本要义是提高政府的绿色领导力，基本目标是发展绿色经济，基本方法是致力于绿色投资，基本保障是实行绿色政策改革。

绿色新政以绿色经济为主要突破口，落实到经济发展上，是一种以维护人类生存环境、合理保护资源与能源、有益于人体健康为特征的经济，是一种平衡式经济，诸如开发清洁能源和清洁技术，开发包括生物物质在内的农村能源，开发包括有机农业在内的可持续农业，建设生态系统基础设施以及通过发展节能交通工具和节能建筑促进城市可持续发展等。

外事案列

重庆挪威日

重庆挪威日是于2010年5月30日到6月1日期间在重庆举行的一系列文化、商业、研究和教育活动，是由重庆市与挪威南特伦德拉格郡共同携手举办的。该活动的目的是推广挪威文化、探寻商业机会，从而与高速发展的重庆建立密切的联系。这次活动将同重庆乃至中国启动长期的经济、科技和文化上的合作。5月30日挪威日开幕，挪威演奏团在重庆举行演出并开办了乐团展览，该展览通过自然、技术和文化等多种方面展示了南特郡的现代风貌。早在2005年，双方就在重庆举行了环保产业合作研讨会，签署了环保合作框架协议；2009年12月，南特郡代表访问了重庆市环保局，双方就通过多元化的合作方式进一步加强在环保领域的科研和产业合作达成了一致认同；2010年，由环保部牵头的重庆市中挪水泥窖共处置合作取得丰硕成果。

[2]维晨佐·阿兰乔·路易兹：《罗马法中的委任》，拿波里：Jovene出版社，1965年，第17页及以下；朱塞佩·普罗维拉：《委任(历史)》，载《法学百科全书》1965年(第25卷)，第313页；雷默·马尔蒂尼：《罗马法中的委任》，载《私法学说汇纂(民法)》1994年第11卷，第198页及以下；柯珀拉·比萨扎：《从 iussum domini到contemplatio domini：代理史研究》，米兰：Giuffrè出版社，2008年，第206页及以下。

北碚区被确定为中挪POPs地方履约能力建设示范区

POPs（Persistent Organic Pollutants），中文名为“持久性有机污染物”，它是一种对人类健康和生存环境具有巨大危害的污染物，引起的污染问题受到了国际环境安全领域的密切关注，但其高昂的研究成本却一直制约着我国相关研究工作的开展。早在2008年，重庆市为保护三峡库区水源地安全，就已经开始着手提高POPs管理和监测基础能力建设，并被选为全国第一个省级示范地区，开展中挪合作中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约地方能力建设示范项目。该项目将学习借鉴挪威POPs控制的先进技术和管理经验，预计在3年内全面提升重庆市POPs监测实验室管理建设、POPs污染状况和环境影响评估、履约信息报告制度等方面的能力，全面加强重庆市环保部门的能力。北碚区通过国家环保部履约办组织的专家评审，在2008年被确定为重庆市第一个中挪POPs地方履约能力建设示范区。2009年，重庆市在环保部外经办、清华大学、中科院以及挪威水研究所的技术指导下，利用挪威政府赠款资金分别在市固体废物管理中心和北碚区环境监测站建成两个二恶英快速低成本筛查实验室，这也是我国西部地区的首批二恶英快速低成本筛查实验室，将有助于推动重庆建立一支“西部领先、全国一流”的固体废物环境监管的队伍，加快国家环境保护模范城市的建设。

延伸阅读

2015年北极边疆大会

2015年1月18日-23日，在挪威特罗姆瑟举办了北极边疆大会（Arctic Frontiers），来自三十多个国家的大约1400名参与者齐聚一堂。特罗姆瑟是公认的北极门户，北极边疆大会是讨论北极的可持续发展的国际舞台，本届会议的主题是气候和能源问题。

北极正处于全球商业利益和环境利益的十字路口。此次会议对时事进行了专题讨论，另外对政治、经济、环境、安全和地区问题也做了讨论。挪威政府在该次大会上发表了关于北极政策的报告，在报告中提出在国际视角上促合作，反对抗；在气候问题上，全球变暖已成燃眉之急，旨在达成一项新的气候变化协议。此次大会的目的是希望通过其后问题谈判形成建设性意见，为即将于2015年12月在巴黎召开的联合国气候大会做准备。

挪威驻华大使馆，挪威驻沪总领事馆安排中国的北极研究者、企业和相关记者参加了此次大会。关于北极可持续发展与治理问题，中国政府积极支持国际合作共同解决北极发展所带来的潜在威胁和挑战，并热切希望参与北极国际研究合作。此外，由于极地特殊的地缘因素和环境因素，中国对极地鲜有研究的事实导致中国无法深入了解极地的复杂性，这将进一步影响中国与挪威在低碳产业和能源方面的广泛合作。因此，中国科学工作者将参与某些国际合作的课题研究，同时中国在这方面的研究也将保持开放性，以期建立极地研究和学术交流的平台。中石化也表示将在未来的能源合作中更加注重环保和社会责任，参与当地治理环境，推动能源的可持续发展。

中国在北极边疆大会所表现的积极态度，得到与会各方的高度评价，会议东道主挪威亦希望能够在能源和低碳等领域与中国保持长期合作，以实现可持续发展。

Introduction of Sør-Trøndelag

Sør-Trøndelag is located in central Norway,covers 18,832 square kilometers,with a population of nearly 300,000,which is about 6% of Norway’s population.Thanks to fjords warm current,Sør-Trøndelag has mild climate and clear four seasons,the county has more developed agriculture,fishing,shipping and processing industry.As the capital and largest city of the county,Trondheim has acquired an enviable reputation for environmental protection and science and technology.

Since 1954,Nor way and China has established formal diplomatic relations,and has been maintaining extensive cooperation in a series of field,from shipbuilding,offshore oil technology,Marine resources development,to education,cultural exchange,energy,dealing with climate change,and cooperation in North Pole.All of these provided the opportunity for Sør-Trøndelag and Chongqing to become sister city.

In October 2005,Chongqing and Sør-Trøndelag signed a friendly agreement,which mainly focused on energy and environmental trade (what it is “Double ‘E’”),and it benefited the two sides.Both sides agreed that there was a need for further developments of bilateral relations.On June 14,2007,the day that was the 10th anniversary of Chongqing Municipality,a delegation of Sør-Trøndelag was invited to Chongqing to jointly celebrate the anniversary and signed a sister city agreement with Chongqing.During the process that Chongqing actively implemented the program of “National Climate Change Plan (2014-2015)”,Sør-Trøndelag provided supports for technology and funds.The county and Chongqing have broad prospects for cooperation in the field of lowcarbon energy industry.

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a process for meeting human development goals while sustaining the ability of natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend.

Sustainable development has been described in terms of three dimensions: one is environmental factors,which refers to minimize damage to the environment;the second is the social element,which refers to meet the needs of human beings;the third is economic factors,which means it must be economically profitable.

Sustainable development has four basic principles: First,the principle of proportionality,which emphasizes the low,efficient,no waste,less waste production and moderate consumption as t he c o re,fo r t he pur p o se of r e as o n a b l e a l l o c at i o n,c o m m o n prosperity and poverty elimination;Second,the principle of harmony,which must follow the harmonious development between man and nature,the basic principles of the coordinated resourcesaving national economic system based on the coordination of man,environment and resources,and such a system is necessary to comply with economic laws and to adapt to ecological laws;Third,the principle of system,which must apply a systematic view of economic,political,technological management,and establish a mechanism for effective sustainable development;Fourth,the principle of future,which will leave adequate capacity of sustainable development goal of creating a reliable guarantee for their children and grandchildren that the continuation of the human race can be maintained.

Green New Deal

Green New Deal is a new concept proposed by the U N Sec ret ar y-General Ban Ki-moon at the United Nations Climate Change Conference on December 11,2008.This concept collectively known as environmentallyfriendly policies,which mainly related to environmental protection,pollution control,energy conservation,climate changes and other major problems on the sustainable development of man and nature.Green New Deal,its basic gist is improving the government's green leadership,its basic goal is to develop green economy,its basic method is committed to the green investment,and its basic guarantee is to implement green policy reform.

Green New Deal,as a major breakthrough in the green economy,has implemented economic development,w h i c h w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e h u m a n environment,reasonable protection of resources and energy,characterized by beneficial to human health,and is a balanced economy.Green New Deal includes the development of clean energy and clean technology,the development of biomass and sustainable agriculture,the construction of ecological infrastructure systems and the promotion of sustainable urban development through the development of energy-efficient vehicles and energyefficient buildings.

Cases

Chongqing-Norway’s Day

Chongqing-Norway’s Day,which was established by Chongqing and Sør-Trøndelag,was held from 30th May to the 1st June in the year of 2010.This festival would disseminate the introduction of Norway’s culture,commerce and education,with the aim of popularizing Norway’s culture,searching for commercial chances so that the county and Chongqing would be well connected.Norway’s Virtuosi held an exhibition on 30th May in Chongqing.This exhibition showed people the modern style of Sør-Trøndelag by many aspects including the nature,technology and culture.Early in 2005,the two cities had a meeting in Chongqing discussing the cooperation of environmental protection and signed some environmental protection treaties.In December,2009,the Sør-Trøndelag delegation visited Chongqing’s environmental protection agency and made a great deal.

Sino-Norwegian POPs project

POPs(Persistent Organic Pollutants),it is a great harm to human health and living environment,international environment security sector have paid close attention to the pollution problems caused by it,but its high research costs has been restricting Chinese research work carried out.

Back in 2008,in order to improve the management of POPs and environmental monitoring capacity-building,some measures of protection of water safety in Three Gorges Reservoir had been taken,and Chongqing was elected the Chinese first provincial-level demonstration area to implement the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants,which is one important principle of Sino-Norwegian cooperation in local capacity-building pilot projects.The project will help Chongqing learn from Norway POPs control in the advanced technology and management experience,and comprehensively enhance POPs monitoring laboratory building,improve the ability of assessment on POPs pollution and environmental impact,strengthen the contractual capacity in 3-year period.Beibei district was identified as the first Norwegian POPs performance demonstration areas in 2008 through the review committee of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (MEP).

In 2009,with the help of MEP,Tsinghua University,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Norway water Institute,Chongqing took advantage of Norway Government funds to build two dioxin screening test laboratories in Chongqing solid waste management center and beibei district,these were the earliest fast and low-cost screening laboratories in the west area of China,and it would support Chongqing to promote "West leading,and national first-class" team of solid waste environment regulatory,and accelerated construction of national model city of environmental protection.

Further Reading

Arctic Frontiers

The 9th Arctic Frontiers conference was held in Tromsø,Norway,from Sunday 18 January to Friday 23 January 2015.The conference attracted about 1,400 participants from more than 30 countries gathered.Tromsø is recognized as the Arctic portal.The Arctic frontier conference is an international arena to discuss the sustainable development in the Arctic,and the theme of this conference was climate and energy issues.

The Arctic is a global crossroad between commercial and environmental interests.This conference held a thematic discussion on current events,in addition to the economic,environmental,political,security and regional issues were also discussed.The Government of Norway published a report on Arctic policy,promoting cooperation and preventing conflict in the international angle were put forward in the report;on climate change,the rising temperatures became burning issues and aimed of reaching a new climate agreement.The purpose of the conference is to be formed constructive ideas by the subsequent negotiations,prepared for the upcoming UN Climate Conference held in Paris,in December 2015.

Norwegian Embassy in Chinese,the Norwegian Consulate General in Shanghai invited Chinese Arctic researchers,enterprises and related reporters to the meeting.On the theme of Arctic sustainable development and governance issues,the Chinese government actively supports international cooperation and common resolve potential threats and challenges posed by the development of the Arctic,and are keen to participate in international research cooperation in the Arctic.In addition,since the polar special geographical and environmental factors,almost none of Chinese scholar can comprehend the complexities of the polar,as a result which will further affect the extensive cooperation between China and Norway in the low carbon industry and energy.Therefore,Chinese scientists will participate in some international research cooperation,while Chinese research in this area will remain open to establishing polar research and academic exchange platform.Sinopec also said it would pay more attention to environmental protection and social responsibility in the future of energy cooperation,participation in local governance environment to promote sustainable energy development.

China’s positive attitude in the Arctic frontier has been highly praised by the participating parties.To achieve sustainable development,Norway,the host of the meeting,also hopes to maintain long-term cooperation with China in lowcarbon energy and other fields.