刘鹏
谓语动词的数必须和主语的人称和数一致,这就叫主谓一致。针对近几年中考出题特点,现对此内容做如下归纳:
【课标考点】
1. 掌握就近一致原则;
2. 掌握意义一致原则;
3. 掌握语法一致原则。
一、就近一致原则(即谓语的单、复数取决于离谓语最近的主语的单、复数形式)
1. there be句型(当主语是系列事物时,谓语与邻近的主语保持一致。)
例如:
(1) There is a table and two chairs in the room. (房间里有一张桌子和两把椅子。)
(2) There are two chairs and a table in the room. (房间里有两把椅子和一张桌子。)
2. 由either ... or ...,neither ... nor ...,not only ... but also ...,not ... but ...等词连接并列主语时,谓语动词跟邻近的主语保持一致。
例如:
(1) Either you or the twins are going to leave. (不是你就是这对双胞胎要离开。)
(2) Not only he but also I am invited. (不仅他还有我也被邀请了。)
二、意义一致原则(即主、谓语在意义上保持一致关系。)
1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度等的复数名词作主语时,通常被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
(1) Twenty years has passed since he left his hometown. (他离开家乡已经有二十年了。)
(2) Ten dollars is enough. (十美元足够了。)
2. 在表达数学算式时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Five and four is nine. (五加四等于九。)
3. 以s结尾的名词(news,maths,physics)本身不表示复数意义时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例如:
(1) The news in the newspaper is true. (报纸上的这条消息是真的。)
(2) Maths is not very hard. (数学不是很难。)
4. “the+形容词”表示一类人(the poor,the rich,the old,the young等)用作主语的,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
The old are taken good care of in this area. (这个地区的老人被照顾得很好。)
5. 姓氏名词复数前加the,表示一家人,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
The Greens are watching TV. (格林一家人正在看电视。)
6. family,class,team,group等集体名词作主语,若只一个整体,谓语动词用单数;若指具体成员,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
(1) Class 2 is the best class in this school. (二班是这所学校最好的班。)[Class 2为整体]
(2) Class 2 are the winners. (二班是胜利者。)[Class 2为全体成员]
7. people,police等集体名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
(1) The police are looking for the missing child. (警察正在寻找那个失踪的孩子。)
(2) The Chinese people are very friendly. (中国人很友好。)
8. “a number of ...”作主语时,谓语动词用复数;“the number of ...”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
(1) The number of the students in our class is 53. (我们班学生的数量是五十三个。)
(2) A number of players come from Japan. (许多队员来自日本。)
9. all of,some of,most of,the rest of,a lot of,plenty of,分数或百分数+ of+ 名词等短语作主语时,谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。
例如:
(1) A lot of students are waiting outside. (许多学生正在外面等着。)
(2) A lot of water is polluted by people. (大量的水被人们污染了。)
(3) Two thirds of boys like playing basketball. (三分之二的男孩喜欢打篮球。)
(4) Two thirds of the watermelon is eaten by Tom. (三分之二的西瓜被汤姆吃了。)
(5) Some students are reading in the classroom, the rest are playing on the playground. (一些学生正在读书,其他的在操场上玩。)endprint
10. 由and连接的并列主语,如果描述同一个人或同一种事物时,其后的谓语动词用单数形式;如果描述不是同一人或事物,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
(1) The writer and the teacher are playing chess. (这位作家和这位老师正在下棋。)
(2) The writer and teacher is my friend. (这位作家兼教师是我的朋友。)
三、语法一致原则(即主、谓语在语法形式上保持一致。)
1. 主语后有with/ together with/ as well as/ without/ including/ besides/ except/ but等引导的短语作插入语时,谓语动词要与主语一致而与插入语无关。
例如:
(1) Mary with her mother is shopping now. (玛丽正在和她妈妈一起购物。)
(2) All the students, including Tom, are going to the park. (所有的学生包括汤姆在内都要去公园。)
2. 非谓语动词(不定式、动名词等)短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。
例如:
(1) Doing a lot of practice is a good way to improve your English. (做大量练习是提高你英语的好方法。)
(2) What I need is a good book. (我需要的是一本好书。)
3. 不定代词something,anything,nothing,everyone,anybody,nobody,each,neither,either,little,much,one等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
例如:
(1) Someone is waiting for you. (有人在等你。)
(2) Neither of the answers is right. (两个答案都不对。)
4. 名词shoes,glasses,pants,shorts,jeans等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数。但是,如果这些名词被a pair
of修饰时,谓语动词需用单数。
例如:
(1) The shoes are under the bed. (鞋子在床下面。)
(2) A pair of shoes is under the bed. (床下面有一双鞋子。)
5. 在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数保持一致。
例如:
(1) This is the boy who wants to see you. (这就是想要见你的男孩。)
(2) The boys who are playing football there are my best friends. (正在那儿踢足球的那些男生是我的好朋友。)
6. each ... and each ...,every ... and every ...,no ... and no ...,many a and many a ... 结构中,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
(1) Every man and every woman is at work. (每个男人和每个女人都在工作中。)
(2) No sound and no voice is heard for a long time. (很长时间没有听到一点声音。)endprint