刁宗礼,郭维康,刘 莎,刘文虎
·新进展·
继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的药物治疗进展
刁宗礼,郭维康,刘 莎,刘文虎
继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)是慢性肾脏病的重要并发症,是慢性肾脏病及其所致的血磷、血钙和活性维生素D代谢紊乱的代偿性反应。SHPT可增加软组织和血管钙化的风险,是心血管事件与死亡的重要预测因子,严重影响患者的生活质量和生存率。目前的治疗药物主要包括磷结合剂、维生素D及其类似物、钙敏感受体(CaSR)激动剂。近年来,许多新药应用于临床取得了良好的效果,包括新型磷结合剂(司维拉姆和碳酸镧)、活性维生素D类似物(帕立骨化醇和度骨化醇)、CaSR激动剂(西那卡塞)等,本文将SHPT药物治疗进展情况进行综述。
甲状旁腺功能亢进症,继发性;慢性肾脏病;药物疗法
刁宗礼,郭维康,刘莎,等.继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的药物治疗进展[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(26):3245-3247,3252.[www.chinagp.net]
Diao ZL,Guo WK,Liu S,et al.Progress of drug therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(26):3245-3247,3252.
继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)是慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的常见并发症,是CKD患者发生心血管事件与死亡的重要预测因子。
目前SHPT的主要药物为活性维生素D,其疗效肯定,但容易导致高钙、高磷血症,增加血管钙化风险[1]。新型磷结合剂盐酸司维拉姆和碳酸镧等逐渐应用于临床,对于预防和控制早期SHPT的发生起重要作用[2-3]。活性维生素D类似物,如帕立骨化醇,具有疗效肯定、较少引起高钙血症等优点,已在欧美等国家应用[4]。钙敏感受体(calcium sensing receptor,CaSR)激动剂(如西那卡塞)被用于治疗SHPT,效果良好[5]。本文现对SHPT药物治疗进展情况综述如下。
控制血磷是SHPT早期治疗核心。目前血磷的治疗原则为3D原则,即限制磷摄入(Diet)、充分透析(Dialysis)和使用磷结合剂(Drugs)。临床上通常需要三者联合应用才能控制血磷。目前最常用的为含钙磷结合剂,其优点是疗效肯定、价格低廉;但此类药物可导致高钙血症,加重血管钙化等。新型的磷结合剂包括司维拉姆和碳酸镧。
1.1 司维拉姆 司维拉姆主要成分为碳酸或盐酸多聚丙烯酰胺。降磷机制为司维拉姆所携带的氨基在小肠内质子化,通过离子键和氢键与肠道内的磷酸根结合,结合物由粪便排出体外,从而抑制磷在肠道吸收,降低血磷。司维拉姆可有效降低血磷,其效果与含钙磷结合剂相似,但不会加重高钙血症的风险,从而延缓血管钙化的发生[6-7]。
司维拉姆除了能降低血磷、延缓钙化之外,还有独立于降磷之外的疗效,包括降低血脂、尿酸,减少微炎症状态、改善骨转化和骨形成[8-10]。
司维拉姆的安全性也较好。迄今尚无司维拉姆致癌、致畸及致突变作用的报道,也未发现对生育有影响。药物耐受性尚好,用药后便秘等胃肠道症状为其较常见的不良反应[11]。
1.2 碳酸镧 碳酸镧是一种非铝非钙型磷结合剂。Daugirdas等[12]研究表明,碳酸镧对磷的结合力非常强,设定碳酸钙对磷的结合力为1,用每克磷结合剂结合磷的量除以每克碳酸钙结合磷的量,作为该结合剂的磷结合系数,结果表明,司维拉姆为0.75,氢氧化铝为1.50,碳酸镧最高,为2.00。
多项研究表明,碳酸镧降磷效果与含钙结合剂效果类似,但高钙血症发生率较低,可以明显延缓CKD患者的血管钙化速度和肾性骨病预后[13-14]。
碳酸镧的安全性良好,主要不良反应为胃肠道症状[15]。该药极少在胃肠道吸收,体内极少蓄积,对应用碳酸镧长达6年的患者进行随访,没有发现血浆镧浓度升高[16]。肾功能障碍并不会导致镧在体内积聚,因而可用于尿毒症高磷血症,尤其是透析患者的治疗。
活性维生素D是治疗SHPT的基本药物,主要包括骨化三醇和阿法骨化醇,但可导致高钙血症和高磷血症,加重软组织钙化和血管钙化。这类药物主要包括帕立骨化醇和度骨化醇。
2.1 帕立骨化醇 帕立骨化醇是美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)首个批准上市的维生素D类似物。其是选择性维生素D受体(VDR)激动剂,可明显抑制甲状旁腺激素(PTH)的合成和分泌。研究表明,帕立骨化醇对SHPT的治疗作用与骨化三醇相当,但帕立骨化醇对肠道VDR作用弱,其导致高钙血症的概率较小[17-18]。王喆等[19]进行的Meta分析表明,帕立骨化醇可有效降低终末期肾脏病伴SHPT患者的PTH水平,疗效与骨化三醇相似,但高钙血症、高磷血症和心血管疾病等不良事件的发生率明显低于骨化三醇。
但最近研究表明,对于CKD 3~4期[20]和透析[21-22]患者,帕立骨化醇治疗SHPT时高钙血症的发生率与骨化三醇相当。由于帕立骨化醇是2004年美国FDA首批上市,仍需大规模的临床研究来明确其疗效和安全性。
该药的不良反应目前主要包括高钙血症、高磷血症和胃肠道反应等。
2.2 度骨化醇 度骨化醇被人体吸收后主要在肝脏中被活化,不需要肾脏参与,主要形成1α,25-(OH)2D2[23]。度骨化醇对骨骼和肠道的影响较小,高钙血症和高磷血症的发生率低,更加安全有效,是骨化三醇和阿法骨化醇的升级换代产品[24]。
在美国,帕立骨化醇和度骨化醇已成为治疗SHPT的一线用药。
甲状旁腺细胞膜表面控制PTH分泌的受体主要有VDR和CaSR。目前认为两种受体均是PTH合成及分泌的重要调节因素。VDR主要影响PTH基因转录;而CaSR既可以调节PTH分泌,同时也调节PTH基因转录和甲状旁腺细胞增殖。
西那卡塞是第2代CaSR激动剂,具有比上一代更高的生物活性。其主要药理作用包括[25-26]:(1)直接激活CaSR:钙受体激动剂可模拟钙的效应,直接激活甲状旁腺细胞上的CaSR,从而降低血PTH水平。(2)增加CaSR对钙离子的敏感性[27]:西那卡塞可结合并且变构CaSR在甲状旁腺的表达,增加其对细胞外钙离子的敏感性,降低钙离子调定点,提高CaSR对细胞外钙的敏感性,降低PTH水平,从而产生一系列临床治疗作用。(3)上调甲状旁腺CaSR和VDR表达[28],从而增强钙离子和活性维生素D介导的抑制PTH作用。(4)抑制甲状旁腺增生[29]:西那卡塞对长期培养的人类甲状旁腺细胞有直接抑制作用,可以调控甲状旁腺细胞增殖周期,从而影响甲状旁腺腺体的体积。Meola等[30]研究表明,应用西那卡塞治疗后,基线甲状旁腺腺体体积<500 mm3的患者,平均体积由233 mm3减为102 mm3;基线腺体体积>500 mm3的患者,平均体积从1 036 mm3减为837 mm3。因此,盐酸西那卡塞目前也被称为“可逆性化学性切除甲状旁腺”。该药的上市已经减少了甲状旁腺切除术的比例[31]。(5)增加细胞内钙离子浓度:CaSR激动剂激活CaSR,通过动员胞内储存钙和增加胞外钙内流两种途径使胞内钙离子浓度升高,进而抑制PTH分泌。
多项试验研究已证实西那卡塞对透析患者SHPT并发症治疗的有效性及其较好的药物耐受性[3,32]。欧洲EVOLVE研究表明,SHPT透析患者在原有治疗基础上加用西那卡塞12个月后,血PTH、血钙和血磷的达标率分别由2.5%、46.8%和40.0%增加至28.8%、50.1%和49.9%[33]。目前关于西那卡塞的临床研究对象主要为CKD 5期透析患者,其是否适用于CKD 3~4期患者尚存争议[34]。而有关预后的研究也对西那卡塞有不同评价,EVOLVE研究表明,在常规磷结合剂与活性维生素D治疗的基础上加用西那卡塞,SHPT透析患者的全因死亡率及主要心血管事件发生率并无明显改善,但骨折发生率降低[35-36]。美国ADVANCE研究则认为,加用西那卡塞对中重度SHPT透析患者的心血管事件和心瓣膜钙化有抑制作用[37]。
盐酸西那卡塞最常见的不良反应为恶心和呕吐。肌痛、腹泻、高血压、眩晕、无力等亦可见。总体来讲,西那卡塞安全性高,不良反应少,即使是肝肾功能差的老年患者也可长期使用。
对于早期SHPT,降低患者血磷是治疗的核心。碳酸钙效果肯定,但容易导致高钙血症,加重血管钙化;新型磷结合剂司维拉姆和碳酸镧降磷效果与碳酸钙相当,甚至强于碳酸钙,同时不会导致高钙血症。
活性维生素D是治疗SHPT的标准药物,但其同时可促进肠道钙磷吸收增加,导致高钙、高磷血症,因此其应用受到了限制。维生素D类似物帕立骨化醇和度骨化醇,可选择性作用于甲状旁腺VDR,其高钙、高磷血症发生率明显降低。目前已成为美国治疗SHPT的一线药物。帕立骨化醇已在我国上市,但其价格昂贵,尚难以广泛使用。
CaSR激动剂西那卡塞对SHPT甚至难治性SHPT的疗效显著,甚至可以与外科手术相媲美。目前临床多将西那卡塞与活性维生素D联合应用,尚无比较单用西那卡塞或活性维生素D类似物治疗SHPT疗效的研究。
综上所述,新型磷结合剂、维生素D类似物和CaSR激动剂治疗SHPT效果显著,可明显降低患者病死率,为临床治疗SHPT提供了更好的选择。
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修回日期:2015-07-15)
(本文编辑:贾萌萌)
Progress of Drug Therapy for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
DIAOZong-li,GUOWei-kang,LIUSha,etal.
DepartmentofNephrology,BeijingFriendshipHospital,CaptialMedicalUniversity,Beijing100050,China
Secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT)is one of the most important complications of chronic kidney disease(CKD),and it is the compensatory reaction of phosphorus,calcium and active vitamin D metabolism disorder.SHPT,a predictor of cardiovascular events and death,may lead to the calcification of soft tissue and angiosteosis and seriously influence the quality of life and survival rate of patients.The main drugs for SHPT are phosphate binder,vitamin D and its analogs and calcium sensing receptor agonist(CaSR).Recently,some new drugs for SHPT including new phosphate binder(sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate),vitamin D analogs(paricalcitol and doxercalciferol)and calcium sensing receptor agonist(cinacalcet)have obtained good effects.We made a review of the progress of drug therapy for SHPT in this paper.
Hyperparathyroidism,secondary;Chronic kidney disease;Drug therapy
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81300607);北京市科技计划课题项目(D131100004713001);北京市科技计划课题项目(D131100004713003)
100050北京市,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肾内科,首都医科大学肾病学系
刘文虎,100050北京市,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肾内科,首都医科大学肾病学系;
E-mail:liuwenhu2013@163.com
R 582.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.26.031
2015-03-28;