谭文亮+阳军+罗进+刘震+罗义
[摘要] 目的 分析血管内超声在急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术中的应用效果。 方法 收集我院心内科的住院患者,血管内超声指导组(IVUS组)75例;常规冠状动脉造影指导组(CAG组)75例。对比常规冠状动脉造影与血管内超声成像指导急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术。对比首次球囊扩张后支架最小直径、支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益以及介入术后支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益。 结果 血管内超声组和冠状动脉造影组首次球囊扩张后支架最小直径、支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益分别为(3.2±0.3、8.5±1.8、45.2±7.0、104.2±20.6;2.4±0.4、6.3±1.9、56.9±8.2、71.2±21.3),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血管内超声组和冠状动脉造影组介入术后支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益分别为(9.35±1.65、49.2±9.2、107.5±22.2;9.3±1.7、49.1±8.7、92.6±25.1),支架最小横截面积及斑块负荷差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),急性获益差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 血管内超声成像在介入术中应用可提高患者急性获益。
[关键词] 血管内超声;急性心肌梗死;冠状动脉成形术;支架置入术
[中图分类号] R542.22 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)35-0015-03
急性心肌梗死的主要原因是冠状动脉急性血栓堵塞,造成血流动力学改变,引起心肌缺血,严重时导致心肌坏死。对心肌梗死进行早期冠状动脉再灌注成为治疗的重点,选择支架置入术(PCI)治疗起到缩小梗塞面积和改善血运重建[1-5]。而且与溶栓治疗比较,支架置入术对血管的再通率更高,可减少死亡率,提高患者梗死后左室的泵血功能[6]。目前国内对于在急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉成形术和支架置入术中使用血管内超声引导的报道较少。本文通过对比冠状动脉造影与血管内超声引导急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉支架置入术的临床疗效,探讨血管内超声的用途。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
收集我院心内科的住院患者,收集时间为2013年6月~2014年8月,共150例,其中高血压病66例,糖尿病44例,高脂血症35例。按随机数字表法分为两组,血管内超声组75例,其中男50例,女25例,平均年龄(59.2±15.3)岁,发病时间(3.5±1.3)h;冠状动脉造影组75例,其中男55例,女20例,年龄(60.2±13.8)岁,发病时间(3.4±1.1)h,两组患者性别、年龄、发病时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2 入选及排除标准
入选标准:所有研究对象符合急性心肌梗死的诊断标准:①有持续时间超过30 min的典型胸痛症状;②心电图上有超过0.2 mV的ST段抬高,且为连续2个导联;③心肌标志物中肌酸磷酸激酶、肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白升高。排除指标:①入院时生命体征不平稳的患者;②入院初次诊断为急性心肌梗死,入院后经血清标记物、造影等排除者;③严重肝、肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病者,孕妇;④既往有冠状动脉搭桥、心脏血管再移植、旁路支架移植以及严重冠状动脉痉挛、狭窄者。
1.3 研究方法
1.3.1 介入仪器 (1)瑞士康纳主动脉内球囊反搏仪。(2)临时起搏器:德国西门子公司生产AKRO型。(3)心血管造影系统:德国西门子公司生产的ATC型号造影系统。(4)多导生理记录仪:德国西门子生产。(5)美国BOSTON公司的SUPERVIEW血管内超声检查系统,探头为3.0 F,频率为20~40 MHz。(6)中心监护仪:德国飞利浦公司。(7)西门子单臂心脏介入 X线系统,配有飞利浦显示仪。
1.3.2 冠状动脉造影 平卧位,右桡动脉穿刺点,利多卡因局麻,置入6 F动脉鞘管分别送入左、右冠状动脉造影管进行造影,多角度记录正常参考段和病变血管段。
1.3.3 血管内超声法 冠状动脉造影后即刻注入肝素抗凝。对冠状动脉造影显示的正常参考段及病变血管段进行血管内超声法检查。超声探头导管在X线透视下沿导引钢丝进入冠状动脉。达到狭窄病变处后,病变末端缓慢回撤探头导管,获得斑块二维超声图像。录像记录全部过程。对冠状动脉造影的“正常”及“病变”参考段进行分析,分析方法严格按照美国心脏病学院的血管内超声检测指南。外弹力膜内横截面积、最小管腔面积、脂核大小、斑块面积、斑块负荷、偏心指数、重构指数、夹层或血栓、斑块纤维帽的厚度、斑块破裂情况。
1.3.4 冠状动脉成形术和支架置入法 ①冠状动脉成形术:冠状动脉造影和血管内超声后,肝素抗凝,导丝送入合适的冠状动脉开口,行造影,调整位置。将导丝和球囊系统送导管的管口,球囊沿导丝送到狭窄处,注入造影剂证实球囊位置,开始狭窄冠状动脉的扩张。②支架置入:冠状动脉造影和血管内超声成像显示狭窄的部位,选取适应的支架,将球囊导管送至病变处,然后充盈球囊,打开支架。重复血管内超声和冠状动脉造影确保支架位置准确。
1.4 观察指标
对比常规冠状动脉造影指导与血管内超声成像指导急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床效果,包括首次球囊扩张后支架最小直径、支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益以及介入术后支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益。
1.5 统计学方法
将资料录入SPSS 18.0软件。所有计量资料符合正态分布时采用(x±s)描述,采用t检验,计数资料采用频数描述,采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组首次球囊扩张后比较
两组首次球囊扩张后支架最小直径、支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益分别为(3.2±0.3、8.5±1.8、45.2±7.0、104.2±20.6;2.4±0.42、6.3±1.9、56.9±8.2、71.2±21.3),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。endprint
2.2 两组介入术后比较
两组介入术后支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益分别为(9.3±1.6、49.2±9.2、107.5±22.2;9.3±1.7、49.1±8.7、92.6±25.1),两组支架最小横截面积及斑块负荷差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),急性获益差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。3 讨论
急性心肌梗死的主要原因是指冠状动脉急性血栓堵塞,造成血流动力学改变,引起心肌缺血,严重时导致心肌坏死。对心肌梗死的进行早期的冠状动脉再灌注成为治疗的重点,选择支架置入术(PCI)治疗起到缩小梗塞面积和改善血运重建。有研究[7-10]指出择期行冠状动脉PCI中应用血管内超声引导对比冠状动脉造影指导冠状动脉PCI,前者的支架成功放置率明显增高。
既往冠状动脉造影是诊断冠心病金标准,也是冠状动脉成形术和支架置入术的主要手段,但是在进行冠状动脉造影急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉成形术和支架置入术中可引起并发症如心房纤颤、房室传导阻滞、室性的心律失常、冠状动脉穿孔、急性血管闭塞、心肌梗死、低血压、分支的闭塞、冠状动脉栓塞冠状动脉痉挛等[11-15]。以上原因很多是因为冠状动脉造影仅能提供支架对称程度、支架膨胀程度、支架小梁是否贴壁。而且其还有众多因素限制,如:①X线只能提供管腔的狭窄情况,不能对血管腔作出描述;②不能观察到血管壁结构;③不能观察支架内最小横截面积和支架内最小直径等情况。本研究结果显示血管内超声组首次球囊扩张后支架最小直径、支架最小横截面积、斑块负荷、急性获益明显好于冠状动脉造影组。我们分析血管内超声影像引导可以弥补X线冠状动脉造影的缺陷,其优点是:①观察血管的切面像;②显示管腔、管壁厚度和形态;③辨认纤维化、钙化;④可以安全扩张球囊的直径或者支架压力[16,17]。
综上,我们认为血管内超声成像在指导急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉成形术和支架置入术中安全有效,可降低再狭窄率,提高再次血管形成率。
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(收稿日期:2014-08-25)endprint
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[12] Fujii K,Mintz GS,Kobayashi Y,et al. Vascular remodeling and plaque com position between focal and diffuse coronary lesions assessed by intravascular ultrasound[J]. Am J Cardiol JT The American Journal of Cardiology,2014,94(8):1067-1070.
[13] Colombo A,Hall P,Nakamura S,et al. Intracoronary stenting without anticoagulation accomplished with intravascular ultrasound guidance[J]. Circulation JT-Circulation,2013,91(6):1676-1688.
[14] Hasegaw AT,Ehara S,Kobayashi Y,et al. Acute m yocardial infarction:Clinical characteristics and plaque m orphology between expansive remodeling and constrictive remodeling by intravascular ultrasound[J]. Am Heart J JT-American Heart Journal,2013,151(2):332-327.
[15] Sano K,Kawasaki M,Ishihara Y,et al. Assessment of vulnerable plaques causing acute coronary syndrom e using integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol JT-Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2012,47(4):734-741.
[16] Fitzgerald PJ,Oshima A,Hayase M,et al. Fina results of the Can Routine Ultrasound Influence Stent Expansion(CRUISE) study[J]. Circulation,2010,102:523-530.
[17] Bocksch W,Schartl M,Beckmann S,et al. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J]. Coron Artery Dis JT-Coronary Artery Disease,2014,8(5):265-273.
(收稿日期:2014-08-25)endprint
[11] Fujii K,Carlier SG,Mintz GS,et al. Association of plaque characterization by intravascular ultrasound virtual histology and arterial remodeling [J]. Am J Cardiol JT-The American Journal of Cardiology,2011,96(11):1476-1483.
[12] Fujii K,Mintz GS,Kobayashi Y,et al. Vascular remodeling and plaque com position between focal and diffuse coronary lesions assessed by intravascular ultrasound[J]. Am J Cardiol JT The American Journal of Cardiology,2014,94(8):1067-1070.
[13] Colombo A,Hall P,Nakamura S,et al. Intracoronary stenting without anticoagulation accomplished with intravascular ultrasound guidance[J]. Circulation JT-Circulation,2013,91(6):1676-1688.
[14] Hasegaw AT,Ehara S,Kobayashi Y,et al. Acute m yocardial infarction:Clinical characteristics and plaque m orphology between expansive remodeling and constrictive remodeling by intravascular ultrasound[J]. Am Heart J JT-American Heart Journal,2013,151(2):332-327.
[15] Sano K,Kawasaki M,Ishihara Y,et al. Assessment of vulnerable plaques causing acute coronary syndrom e using integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol JT-Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2012,47(4):734-741.
[16] Fitzgerald PJ,Oshima A,Hayase M,et al. Fina results of the Can Routine Ultrasound Influence Stent Expansion(CRUISE) study[J]. Circulation,2010,102:523-530.
[17] Bocksch W,Schartl M,Beckmann S,et al. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J]. Coron Artery Dis JT-Coronary Artery Disease,2014,8(5):265-273.
(收稿日期:2014-08-25)endprint