王新宽+丁凡+尤涛+阎慧婷
[摘要] 目的 评价新生儿体外膜肺氧合治疗新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法 采用Cochrane系统评价方法,检索Pubmed、Embase和the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register数据库,纳入体外膜肺氧合对比传统机械通气治疗新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的随机对照试验,采用RevMan 5.2软件进行数据分析。结果 共纳入4个研究。Meta分析结果显示,与传统机械通气相比,体外膜肺氧合组可以降低死亡率(RR 0.44,95%CI 0.31~0.61),结果有统计学意义,体外膜肺氧合组对于降低不伴发先天性膈疝患儿的死亡率更显著(RR 0.33, 95%CI 0.21~0.53),结果有统计学意义;与传统机械通气相比,体外膜肺氧合组可以降低患儿1年(RR 0.56,95%CI 0.40~0.78)、4年(RR 0.62,95%CI 0.45~0.86)、7年(RR 0.64,95%CI 0.47~0.88)的死亡率/致残率,结果具有统计学意义。所有患儿在7年后发生死亡或者重度残疾。结论 体外膜肺氧合可显著改善新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的死亡率及致残率,但对于伴发先天性膈疝的患儿疗效仍不明确。
[关键词] 体外膜肺氧合;新生儿呼吸衰竭;Meta分析
[中图分类号] R608 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)28-0154-04
新生儿呼吸衰竭(neonatal respiratory failure,NRF)主要是指新生儿的外呼吸功能出现障碍,导致新生儿的动脉氧分压过低,可同时伴发或不伴血二氧化碳分压的增高,出现相应一系列的临床症状的病理过程,是造成新生儿死亡的常见危重症,尤其新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的病死率更高[1-8]。据报道,国外NICU病房中约13%的患儿会发生新生儿呼吸衰竭[9],死亡率为1.5%,而我国NICU病房中约38.9%的患儿出现新生儿呼吸衰竭,死亡率高达22.5%[7,10],新生儿呼吸衰竭具有高发病率,同时造成高死亡率,在我国这种现象更为严重[2,4,11]。目前,对新生儿呼吸衰竭的治疗方法是机械通气,由于呼吸机的使用,使得新生儿呼吸衰竭的死亡率有所降低,但是机械通气常伴发严重的并发症,如呼吸机相关性肺损伤及慢性肺疾病,成为困扰医师的一个新话题。因此,如何提高新生儿呼吸衰竭的诊治水平,尤其是新生儿重症呼吸衰竭,降低死亡率,成为治疗的首先目标[9,12,13]。近年来,有报道称,使用体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)方法治疗新生儿重症呼吸衰竭取得了较好的效果[1-3],同时并发症低,但是,使用体外膜肺氧合疗法的样本量较少,体外膜肺氧合的疗效尚存在一定的争议[1,8,14,15],临床疗效值得进一步探讨。本研究拟采用系统评价的方法,评价体外膜肺氧合治疗新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的疗效,以期为临床治疗提供依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 纳入标准
研究类型必须为随机对照试验,语种不限;研究对象为新生儿重症呼吸衰竭患者,且疾病具有一定的可逆性(通过生理指标进行评估),患儿年龄小于28 d,包括妊娠34周分娩的新生儿;观察组干预措施为体外膜肺氧合疗法,对照组干预措施为常规呼吸机机械通气;结果指标为疾病的病死率及致残率。
1.2文献检索
以“Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation AND respiratory failure AND random* trial”检索Pubmed、Embase、the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register数据库,截止时间为2014年2月。两个作者对检索结果进行独立的筛选,并提取资料,如遇不一致讨论解决。
1.3数据提取与质量评价
主要提取以下资料:研究的基本情况、两组患者的基线资料和疾病状况、干预措施、对照措施、结果指标。纳入研究的质量据Cochrane 评价手册进行评价,主要评价以下条目:随机数字的产生、分配隐藏、盲法、结果数据完整性、选择性报告、其他偏倚。
1.4统计学分析
数据分析采用RevMan 5.2软件进行分析。对二分类变量的结果指标,采用危险比(RR)及其95%可信区间(95%CI)描述。采用I2检验进行异质性分析,若I2<50%,认为没有异质性,采用固定效应模型,反之,则采用随机效应模型。检验水平为α=0.05。
2结果
2.1检索结果及纳入研究的一般特征
初步检索获得237条文献,排除重复文献、综述、病例报告、动物实验等,最终纳入4个研究[16-19](图1)。纳入的4个研究,3个研究来源于美国,1个研究来源于英国。纳入研究的患儿基线水平不一,3个研究样本量较小,临床异质性较大,所纳入的研究可能存在发表偏倚。所有研究均报道病死率及致残率。所纳入研究的方法学描述不全,所有研究都提及随机,但是均未描述随机的方法,所有研究均未提及盲法和分配隐藏,2个研究报道了失访。
2.2 Meta分析的结果
2.2.1 病死率Meta分析 结果显示,与传统机械通气相比:体外膜肺氧合组可以降低死亡率(RR 0.44,95% CI 0.31~ 0.61,P<0.00001)(图2),结果有统计学意义;体外膜肺氧合组对于降低不伴发先天性膈疝患儿的死亡率更显著(RR 0.33,95%CI 0.21~0.53,P<0.00001)(图3),结果有统计学意义;体外膜肺氧合组对伴发先天性膈疝的患儿的死亡率无明显改善(RR 0.84,95%CI 0.67~1.05,P=0.08)(图4),结果无统计学意义。
2.2.2 致残率Meta分析 结果显示,与传统机械通气相比:体外膜肺氧合组可以降低患儿1年(RR 0.56,95%CI 0.40-0.78)、4年(RR 0.62,95%CI 0.45-0.86)、7年(RR 0.64,95% CI 0.47-0.88)(图5)的死亡率/致残率,结果具有统计学意义;体外膜肺氧合组对于降低不伴发先天性膈疝患儿的致残率更显著,1年(RR 0.45,95%CI 0.28~0.72,P=0.009)(图6)、4年和7年(RR 0.49,95%CI 0.31~0.77,P=0.002)(图7);体外膜肺氧合组对伴发先天性膈疝的患儿的致残率无明显改善,1年(RR 0.78, 95%CI 0.60~1.02,P=0.05)(图8)、4年(RR 0.89,95%CI 0.74~1.08,P=0.16),结果无统计学意义。所有患儿在7年后发生死亡或重度残疾。endprint
3 讨论
本研究结果显示,对于新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的患儿,体外膜肺氧合可显著改善新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的死亡率及致残率,但对于伴发先天性膈疝的患儿疗效仍不明确。但是本研究具有较大的局限性,纳入研究的患儿基线水平不一,纳入研究的样本量较小,临床异质性较大,所纳入的研究可能存在发表偏倚,所有研究均未描述随机的方法,所有研究均未提及盲法和分配隐藏,且随访报道不全。
目前,对于呼吸衰竭的患儿,采用机械通气的方法仍是首要的治疗手段,然而呼吸衰竭的患者的肺部病变不均一且正常肺泡数目变少,造成了机械通气时易发生各种并发症[20, 21],即使采用各种措施仍难以避免,导致病变加重,同时,机械通气对支气管段下的肺功能障碍无效[20, 22-25]。体外膜肺氧合是一种新的呼吸循环支持手段,现在这种技术已成为重症呼吸衰竭患者在其他治疗方法无效时的一种新的有效替代疗法[21,26,27],其主要的原理是将静脉中的血液引流出体外,然后在血液泵作用下,利用膜式氧合器,将血液中的CO2释放同时进行氧合,最后,把氧合的血流回输患者体内,在体外完成氧与二氧化碳的交换[17,19]。使用这种技术能够较长时间的全部/部分完成呼吸循环支持,替代患者的心肺功能,保证患者的心肺得以充足休息的同时,维系患者血液及血液动力平稳,为重症患者心肺功能的逐步恢复争取宝贵的时间[18,19]。近年来,体外膜肺氧合技术逐渐应用于新生儿呼吸衰竭的治疗中,且取得了较好的疗效,使新生儿呼吸衰竭的治疗效果有了显著的提高[16-19, 24, 28]。通过本研究表明,其疗效明显优于传统的机械通气,可显著降低新生儿呼吸衰竭的病死率及致残率,但是对伴发先天性膈疝患儿的疗效尚不明确。但由于本研究的局限性,将来尚需高质量、大样本的随机对照试验来进行评估。
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[15] Auzinger G,Willars C,Loveridge R,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia after liver transplantation in severe hepatopulmonary syndrome: A solution with pitfalls[J]. Liver Transpl,2014,20(9):1141-1144.
[16] Bartlett RH,Roloff DW,Cornell RG,et al. Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1985,76(4):479-487.
[17] Bennett CC, Johnson A, Field DJ, et al. UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Follow-up to age 4 years[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9262):1094-1096.
[18] Bifano EM, Hakanson DO, Hingre RV, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension(PPHN)[J]. 1992, 117(5): e845-e854.
[19] O'Rourke PP, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1989,84(6):957-963.
[20] Loforte A,Marinelli G,Musumeci F,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock:Treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors[J]. Artif Organs,2014,38(7):129-141.
[21] Maslach-Hubbard A,Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status[J]. World J Crit Care Med, 2013,2(4):29-39.
[22] Messing JA,Agnihothri RV,Van Dusen R,et al. Prolonged use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue modality following traumatic brain injury[J]. ASAIO J,2014,60(5):597-599.
[23] Mosquera VX,Solla-Buceta M,Pradas-Irun C,et al. Lower limb overflow syndrome in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,19(3):532-534.
[24] Obadia B,Theron A,Gariboldi V,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to surgery for ischemic papillary muscle rupture[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014,147(6):e82-84.
[25] Peer SM,Emerson DA,Costello JP,et al. Intermediate-term results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support following congenital heart surgery[J]. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg,2014,5(2):236-240.
[26] Lee SG,Son BS,Kang PJ,et al. The feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for inter-hospital transport and as a bridge to lung transplantation[J]. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014, 20(1):26-31.
[27] Mariani S,Paolini G,Formica F. Limb ischemia and femoral arterial cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Does the perfect technique exist?[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,147(5): 1719.
[28] Mokashi S,Rajab TK,Lee LY,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Thorac Surg,2014, 97(3):1073-1075.
(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint
[13] Hayes D Jr.,Higgins RS,Kilic A,et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Retransplantation in Lung Transplantation:An analysis of the UNOS registry[J]. Lung,2014,192(4): 571-576.
[14] 刘大凤,刘亚玲,陈红,等. 体外膜氧合治疗传染病急性呼吸衰竭的进展[J]. 成都医学院学报,2014,9(1):82-84.
[15] Auzinger G,Willars C,Loveridge R,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia after liver transplantation in severe hepatopulmonary syndrome: A solution with pitfalls[J]. Liver Transpl,2014,20(9):1141-1144.
[16] Bartlett RH,Roloff DW,Cornell RG,et al. Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1985,76(4):479-487.
[17] Bennett CC, Johnson A, Field DJ, et al. UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Follow-up to age 4 years[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9262):1094-1096.
[18] Bifano EM, Hakanson DO, Hingre RV, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension(PPHN)[J]. 1992, 117(5): e845-e854.
[19] O'Rourke PP, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1989,84(6):957-963.
[20] Loforte A,Marinelli G,Musumeci F,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock:Treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors[J]. Artif Organs,2014,38(7):129-141.
[21] Maslach-Hubbard A,Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status[J]. World J Crit Care Med, 2013,2(4):29-39.
[22] Messing JA,Agnihothri RV,Van Dusen R,et al. Prolonged use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue modality following traumatic brain injury[J]. ASAIO J,2014,60(5):597-599.
[23] Mosquera VX,Solla-Buceta M,Pradas-Irun C,et al. Lower limb overflow syndrome in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,19(3):532-534.
[24] Obadia B,Theron A,Gariboldi V,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to surgery for ischemic papillary muscle rupture[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014,147(6):e82-84.
[25] Peer SM,Emerson DA,Costello JP,et al. Intermediate-term results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support following congenital heart surgery[J]. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg,2014,5(2):236-240.
[26] Lee SG,Son BS,Kang PJ,et al. The feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for inter-hospital transport and as a bridge to lung transplantation[J]. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014, 20(1):26-31.
[27] Mariani S,Paolini G,Formica F. Limb ischemia and femoral arterial cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Does the perfect technique exist?[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,147(5): 1719.
[28] Mokashi S,Rajab TK,Lee LY,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Thorac Surg,2014, 97(3):1073-1075.
(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint
[13] Hayes D Jr.,Higgins RS,Kilic A,et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Retransplantation in Lung Transplantation:An analysis of the UNOS registry[J]. Lung,2014,192(4): 571-576.
[14] 刘大凤,刘亚玲,陈红,等. 体外膜氧合治疗传染病急性呼吸衰竭的进展[J]. 成都医学院学报,2014,9(1):82-84.
[15] Auzinger G,Willars C,Loveridge R,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia after liver transplantation in severe hepatopulmonary syndrome: A solution with pitfalls[J]. Liver Transpl,2014,20(9):1141-1144.
[16] Bartlett RH,Roloff DW,Cornell RG,et al. Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1985,76(4):479-487.
[17] Bennett CC, Johnson A, Field DJ, et al. UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Follow-up to age 4 years[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9262):1094-1096.
[18] Bifano EM, Hakanson DO, Hingre RV, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension(PPHN)[J]. 1992, 117(5): e845-e854.
[19] O'Rourke PP, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1989,84(6):957-963.
[20] Loforte A,Marinelli G,Musumeci F,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock:Treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors[J]. Artif Organs,2014,38(7):129-141.
[21] Maslach-Hubbard A,Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status[J]. World J Crit Care Med, 2013,2(4):29-39.
[22] Messing JA,Agnihothri RV,Van Dusen R,et al. Prolonged use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue modality following traumatic brain injury[J]. ASAIO J,2014,60(5):597-599.
[23] Mosquera VX,Solla-Buceta M,Pradas-Irun C,et al. Lower limb overflow syndrome in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,19(3):532-534.
[24] Obadia B,Theron A,Gariboldi V,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to surgery for ischemic papillary muscle rupture[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014,147(6):e82-84.
[25] Peer SM,Emerson DA,Costello JP,et al. Intermediate-term results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support following congenital heart surgery[J]. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg,2014,5(2):236-240.
[26] Lee SG,Son BS,Kang PJ,et al. The feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for inter-hospital transport and as a bridge to lung transplantation[J]. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014, 20(1):26-31.
[27] Mariani S,Paolini G,Formica F. Limb ischemia and femoral arterial cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Does the perfect technique exist?[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,147(5): 1719.
[28] Mokashi S,Rajab TK,Lee LY,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Thorac Surg,2014, 97(3):1073-1075.
(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint