第一部分:从句
首先让我们来先归纳一下英语里的从句。单从词性上来分,英语从句是指形容词性从句、名词性从句和副词性从句。其中:
一、形容词性从句即定语从句
定语从句常被考查的知识有:(1)九个不同的关系代词或副词引导的限制性定语从句;(2)七个不同的关系代词或副词引导的非限制性定语从句;(3)对as,which,that,what代词的理解区分及运用。考查往往是通过关系代词或关系副词来实现,并考查定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句的区别。总之,对定语从句的考查主要集中在关系代词和关系副词的选择上,我们尤其要注意“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句即关系副词=介词+which;在定语从句中的所有关系词不但有具体意义而且都在从句中担当一定的成分。例如:
He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。(名词+rent at+表示价格的词意为“某物以某价格出租”)
使用定语从句注意点:
1. as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的判定
1) as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。
(1) 此时的as意为“正如……,正像……”。
(2) 在句法上,as常用作一些实义动词(如see,know,hear,watch,remember,say,tell,show,expect,guess等)的宾语,这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。
(3) as引导的从句可以前置(而which引导的从句则不可)。
2) which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明,表明事物的状态或结果。
(1) which此时指前面主句所提到的,常译为“这一点,这件事”等。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开,且从句只能位于被修饰句子的后面。
(2) which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语,这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。
(3) 在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时,要用which。
2. 定语从句的间隔现象
定语从句一般紧接被它修饰的先行词,但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫做被分隔的定语从句。在这种情况下,对关系词的准确判断显得相当重要,而且在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读时要注意识别。一般来说,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种情况:在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语、定语,或被谓语动词分隔开。如:
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得十年前的一天下午,我来到你家,找你借了一条钻石项链吗?
(先行词one afternoon与定语从句被状语ten years ago分隔开了)
3. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。
4. 定语从句与强调句的区别
定语从句和强调句的判断方法:若将句中的“It is / was... that / who”去掉,而句子不缺成分,结构完整,说明原句是强调句。如:
It was in 2013 that the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi. 在2013年,洪水毁坏了江西地区很多的房屋。(强调句)
(判断方法:如果去掉it was和that,剩下in 2013 the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi,句子结构完整,可判定原句为强调句)
5. 定语从句与状语从句的区别
定语从句在句子中作定语,修饰名词、代词或句子;并且,这个被修饰的名词、代词或句子称为先行词,通常放在定语从句之前。状语从句在句子中作状语,修饰动词;通常不同的状语从句有不同的连词,位置较灵活,通常放在句首或句末,有时也放在句中。
以where为例来说明:
Lets have a short meeting where we met last time.我们在上次见面的地方开个短会吧。(Where we met last time是地点状语从句,在句中作地点状语,表示开会的地方)
二、副词性从句即状语从句
1. 时间状语从句:由 as, while引导时,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,或一个动作发生在另一个动作的过程中;由 after, when引导时,表示主句动作在从句后;由 before, when引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作前;由whenever, every / each time引导时,表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生;由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute等引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间后;由just / hardly... when, no sooner... than引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之前;
2. 原因状语从句:由 because, as, since或复合连词now that等引导;
3. 地点状语从句:由where, wherever引导;
4. 条件状语从句:由 if, as (so) long as, unless 引导;
5. 目的状语从句:由so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that等引导;
6. 结果状语从句:由 so that, so... that, such... that 引导;
7. 让步状语从句:由 though, even though, however, no matter how / what / who等引导;
8. 比较状语从句:由 than, the more... the more, as... as引导;
9. 方式状语从句:由in the same way, as 等引导。
三、名词性从句
1. 包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
2. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
连接副词:when, where, how, why
使用名词性从句注意点:
1. 语序问题
不管什么词引导,从句的语序始终用陈述语序。
2. 连接词的选用问题
1) that, whether, if, as if (限用于表语从句) 都不作句子的任何成分。因此,它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that 一般用于确定的语气中,引导宾语从句时,口语中的that可省略,而其他情况中的that一般不可省;而whether,if一般用于不确定的语句中。
2) whether和if
(1) whether可用于任何名词性从句中,而if一般只能用于宾语从句中。如果if引导主语从句时,只能放在句中,而不能置于句首。
(2) whether可与or not连用,而if则不可以。
(3) 若用if会产生歧义时,则用whether。
(4) whether可与不定式连用,而if不可以。
(5) whether引导的从句可作某些介词及动词discuss的宾语,而if则不可以。
(6) 宾语从句若为否定句,连接词则用if 而不用whether。
第二部分:分词
分词即现在分词和过去分词以及分词短语,在英语中使用非常普遍,在句子中可以充当补语、定语、状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中,有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混,造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开,因此常被误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句,尤其是定语从句,其形式变化很多,在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。例如:
He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, illfitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.
要点:“dressed in..., never moving, his dusty face...”为句子的三个伴随状语。第一个状语为过去分词,第二个为现在分词,第三个为独立主格结构。
译文:他坐在他们前面一动不动,穿着一套不合身的便服,风尘满面,让人看不出他的年纪。
Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
要点:主句为“I applied”. “Being...and wanting...”为分句短语作原因状语,“fearing”为分词作伴随状语,that引导的从句为“fearing”的宾语从句。
译文:我因为手头很拮据,同时也想干点有用的事,于是便提出了申请,但是提出申请时我也担心:自己一无学位二无教学经验,得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。
第三部分:分词与从句的关系
分词与从句的关系。他们最主要的就是相互间的转换。
1. 状语从句与分词的转换。时间、原因等状语从句可以转换成分词作状语,但这种转换是有条件的,也有一定的规律可循。
1) 基本规则,也是最重要的规则是:从句的主语与主句的主语必须一致,变从句而主句不变。They did not go to the Summer Palace because they had a lot of work to do.
由于从句的主语与主句的主语都是they,可以把从句中because和they去掉,把had变成having,即成现在分词短语作原因状语:
Having a lot of work to do,they did not go to the Summer Palace.
2) 从句如果表示主动、完成,进行的动作,则转换成现在分词;如果表示被动,则转换成过去分词。
Hearing a cry for help, he rushed out.=When he heard a cry for help, he rushed out.
3) 如果从句的主语与主句的主语不一致,该怎么办?请看下例:
As the heroes deeds moved them deeply,they decided to study even harder.
句中,主句的主语是they,而从句主语是the heroes deeds,主语不一致,这时可以把从句变换一下句型,变成被动语态。即成As they were deeply moved by the heroes deeds.从句的主语与主句的主语都是they,就可转换成:Deeply moved by the heroes deeds, they decided to study even harder.
4) 如果看不出有从句,该怎么办?请看下例:
He recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years before, so he went over to say hello to him.这句中,看不出有从句。so是并列连词,表示“因此,于是”等意思。这样一来,前面那一句就有表示原因的意味。这一句可以改写为:
Because he recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years before, he went over to say hello to him. 变成一个原因状语从句,即可转换成现在分词作原因状语。
Recognizing the man who had been his classmate ten years before, he went over to say hello to him.
5) 如何判断要不要有一个Being? 如:
As he was very old,he had to give up his teaching.
可转换成:Being very old,he had to give up his teaching. 再看下例:
As he was moved by the story,he decided to learn from the heroes.
则转换成:Moved by the story,he decided to learn from the heroes.而不是Being moved。为什么呢? 原来前面的那一句的was是系动词(link verb),后面跟的是表语(形容词或名词)。又如: As he was an engineer,he knew exactly what to do.这里an engineer是名词作表语,即可转换成:Being an engineer, he knew exactly what to do.
6) 时态的变化。如:
The children went out to play after they had finished their homework.
由于有时间的先后,从句的动作发生在前,主句的动作发生在后,因此,要用现在分词的完成式作时间状语。即:Having finished their homework, the children went out to play.
如果是表示一个既完成又被动的动作,可以用现在分词的完成被动式。如:
As she had been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
可转换成:Having been given such a good chance...;但往往简化成过去分词作原因状语Given such a good chance, ...。因为过去分词本身就表示完成、被动的,但似乎用现在分词的完成被动式更正式也更强调些。
2. 定语从句转换成分词短语。
(1) 定语从句可以转换成ed分词短语。例如:
The problem with tobacco is that it contains a drug that is called nicotine.
The problem with tobacco is that it contains a drug called nicotine. 烟草的问题就是它含有一种叫尼古丁的毒素。
(2) 定语从句可以转换成ing分词短语。例如:
The lady who is holding a baby in her arms is Mary.
The lady holding a baby in her arms is Mary.怀里抱着孩子的那个女士是玛丽。
(作者:康传桂,海安县李堡中学)
中学课程辅导高考版·学生版2014年9期