不同生计资产配置的农户宅基地流转家庭福利变化研究

2014-10-17 12:11关江华黄朝禧胡银根
中国人口·资源与环境 2014年10期
关键词:模糊评价福利

关江华+黄朝禧+胡银根

摘要

在已有研究农户家庭生计资产和家庭福利理论的基础上,采用农户生计资产量化法和模糊综合评价法,通过对武汉城市圈典型区域宅基地流转农户家庭的实证研究,分析了宅基地流转对被流转农户的家庭福利影响。运用生计资产量化分析法,研究了被流转农户的家庭生计资产配置,得出农户的家庭生计资产分值,将农户划分为资产缺乏型农户和资产均衡性农户。在阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力及家庭福利评价框架下,运用模糊综合评价法,研究宅基地流转对不同生计资产配置的农户家庭福利影响,研究表明,从总体和资产均衡型农户家庭来看,宅基地流转有助于被流转农户的家庭福利的改善和提高,其模糊指数分别为0.533和0.547,高于流转前设定的模糊状态0.5,而使资产缺乏型农户的家庭总体福利下降,模糊指数从0.5下降到0.464;从影响福利的因素来看,宅基地流转对资产均衡型农户家庭的经济状况、居住条件、社会保障及发展机会有所改善,对社区环境、心理福利有所下降,但对资产缺乏型农户家庭的经济状况、社区环境、发展机会及心理福利有所降低,对社会保障和居住条件有所改善。基于农户家庭生计的可持续和福利改进,由此可得出相应的结论:在宅基地流转中,要实施差异化的流转保障、扶持政策,做到对被流转农户家庭的瞄准补偿与支助;加强对新安置点的选址、规划,新居民点要有利于农户的生活、就业与发展;注重农户参与与生存发展,提高农户自我认可与精神改变,确保宅基地流转后,农户精神福利随着物质福利提高而逐步改善。

关键词 农村宅基地流转;生计资产;农户类型;福利;模糊评价;武汉城市圈

中图分类号 F301 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1002-2104(2014)10-0135-08

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.019

宅基地作为我国农村社会保障制度安排的一种产物,农户获得宅基地是无偿的、无期限的,这种福利保障功能有利于农村社会的稳定和发展。但是随着城市化、工业化快速推进,农村二、三产业的发展和农村非农就业水平的提高,农村人口大规模迁移,宅基地利用出现的规模大、面积超标、一户多宅、闲置低效利用以及频繁的隐形交易等现象成为优化城乡土地利用配置和统筹城乡协调发展的主要障碍,实施基于效率为价值取向的宅基地流转是农村稀缺资源优化利用和农村城镇化发展必然要求,是实现宅基地资产属性必要条件[1]

然而,学术界和法学界的学者对宅基地流转形成了截然不同的观点,支持流转派[2-4]认为

直接打破宅基地流转的限制,能赋予农民更多的宅基地权益,实现农户宅基地财产权;反对

流转派[5-7]认为在现有的制度安排下不应该放开宅基地流转,如果允许宅基地流转,农民的

基本生存权就会受到威胁,不利于耕地的保护和农村社会的稳定。纵观两派的观点,发现这

些观点虽有一定的合理性,但是缺乏从整体上,将宅基地的经济、社会以及生态与宅基地主

体权利相结合的研究。

针对上述问题,笔者认为探讨农村宅基地是否流转的出发点应在于微观角度,即“宅基地主体”与 “宅基地”,从农户具有的资源禀赋入手,研究理性的农户如何在现有外部条件限制下实现宅基地利用效用最大化,以实现家庭福利的改善,更具有研究的理论与实践意义。

本文将以武汉城市圈内潜江、仙桃两市7个乡(镇、办事处)12个村(组)的宅基地流转农户为研究对象,通过问卷调查获取相关的资料和数据,以生计可持续理论为基础,通过农户生计资产量化法,评价农户家庭抗风险能力并以此为依据对农户家庭分类;以森的福利理论为基础,拓展出农户家庭福利理论,运用模糊综合评价法,对不同类型农户家庭福利变化进行评价,探究宅基地流转对不同抗风险能力的农户家庭福利的变化,为我国宅基地制度改革及各地实施农村宅基地流转政策的制定和实施、对农户家庭瞄准补偿提供依据。

1 模型构建与研究方法

1.1 农户家庭生计资产评价体系构建、量化

农户生计资产量化分析是基于农户脆弱性研究,从微观个体甑别区域内农户群体的个别差异,建立贫困农户瞄准机制,准确实施农村最低生活保障以及国家扶贫政策的落实。许多学者[7-10]从农户生计资产入手研究贫困问题,最常见的农户生计资产可分为人力资产、自然资产、物质资产、金融资产和社会资产5大类。李小云等[8]根据DID提出了可持续生计(SL)发展框架,建立了农户生计资产评价指标体系及其量化,并对中国低收入农户的生计资产状况进行了定性分析。谢东梅[9]利用相关调研数据,验证了农户生计资产量化分析在扶贫目标瞄准的运用,认为利用农户资产生计量化分析法能排除人为因素和技术因素的影响,便于农村最低生活保障目标家庭的瞄准和国家扶贫资金的准确、公平给付。

本研究把农户生计资产量化评价运用到对农户家庭分类,并结合调查区域农户特点,建立农户生计资产量化评价体系(见表1)。通过家庭生计资产量化分析,对农户家庭进行分类,更加直观的了解各类农户家庭生计资产组合与配置,判断农户家庭整体福利状况,为政府宅基地流转政策制定、实施流转瞄准补偿提供决策参考。

1.2 农户宅基地流转家庭福利模糊评价构建

1.2.1 理论模型构建

森的可行能力理论是基于对个人福利的研究,但是在实际运用过程中,研究人员通常使用的是群体、地区或国家层面的数据[11]。农村宅基是以“户”为单位,农户凭借集体成员的身份从农村集体无偿获得、无偿使用的集体土地,这种宅基地对农户来说具有福利保障,同时随着社会经济的发展,宅基地的资产属性也逐渐得到显化,渐已成为农户家庭最大的资产。另一方面农户作为农村基层社会最小的生计单位,不仅仅是家庭生产、生活的决策单位,同时也是维系家族、亲情及社会关系基础单元,和家庭成员身心发展的重要场所[12],因此在研究宅基地流转过程中农户福利的变化,把研究对象确定为农户家庭更为准确合理。

家庭是家庭成员进行情感联系与沟通的场所,这个场所能为家庭成员提供健康成长的环境条件,并能满足家庭成员的物质需求,促进家庭成员共同应对外部风险。因此

家庭福利影响个人福利,但是家庭福利的实现离不开家庭

Sen的可行能力理论从家庭经济、居住条件、社会保障、社区生活、环境以及心理6个方面来研究了农地流转前后农户福利变化的影响;贾燕等[13]从经济状况、居住条件、社会保障、社区生活、环境功能、发展机遇以及心理7个方面建立评价体系研究农地流转前后农户福利变化;马贤磊等[15]从经济状况、社会保障、居住条件与环境、社会资本以及决策参与自由5个方面,14个评价指标研究不同经济发展区域的农户集中居住后农户家庭福利变化。

农户福利研究涉及内容复杂,宅基地作为我国特有概念,现行的宅基地制度是基于公平角度,保障农户基本居住权得以实现,福利保障是宅基地的基本功能。因此在评价宅基地流转前后农户家庭福利变化状况,要根据我国现实具体情况,选择针对被流转农户家庭的功能性活动,进行可比较的“突出的功能性活动”分析。宅基地流转不仅仅是农户失去宅基地本身,而且也失去了相应的权利和财富。根据家庭可行能力福利评价体系,本研究将从家庭经济、社会保障、居住条件、社区环境、发展机遇和心理等6个方面进行研究不同类型农户家庭福利变化(见表2)。

1.2.3 福利评价方法:模糊综合评价法

由于影响福利因素的复杂性以及反映福利指标的主观性和模糊性,研究人员常采用模糊评价法测度主体福利的变化。目前许多研究人员运用此方法研究了农地流转或农地城市化过程中农户福利变化,这些结论对研究农户家庭福利变化具有一定的参考价值,但是由于这些研究者都是以相同的评价指标体系、基于调查样本整体性,进行前后变化的研究,存在许多不足,如农户福利变差是国家层面、还是农户自身能力等影响。本研究是基于不同类型农户家庭(资产缺乏型农户、资产均衡型农户),把Sen的可行能力及家庭福利评价结合,构建评价体系评价不同生计资产配置的农户家庭在宅基地流转前后的福利变化。

由于存在数据的局限性,因而本研究是基于以下的假设:流转后福利状况以宅基地流转前的福利作为参照点,即流转前农户家庭福利设置为“不好也不坏”的模糊状况,流转后的福利与之相比较,福利变化状况说明见表3。

(1)福利的模糊函数设定。模糊函数的选择与设定依据评价因素的性质和取得的数据。由于资产缺乏型农户与资产富裕型农户都属于统一研究区域,调查数据类型一致,因而将两种类型的福利模糊函数设定为相同的函数模型。设农户福利状况表示为模糊集X,宅基地流转后农户的福利变化W子集,则第n个农户的福利模糊函数为:W(n)={x,W(x)},其中x∈X,W(x)则是x对W的隶属度,W(x)∈[0,1]。一般设定隶属度为1时,福利状况处于绝对好的状态;隶属度等于0.5时,福利处于一般状态,不好也不坏;隶属度等于0时,福利状况绝对差,隶属度值

2 实证分析

2.1 数据来源与处理

课题组于2013年9-11月分别在武汉城市圈潜江、仙桃两地7个乡(镇、办事处)12个村进行了问卷调查。在调查过程中,根据问卷内容要求,从不同区域、涵盖不同年龄、性别、受教育程度以及身份属性等确定被调查农户。本次调查涉及的调查区域都实施了农户集中居住或上楼或异地建房等宅基地流转,在两市共发放问卷270份,问卷回收270份,其中有效问卷243份,占问卷的90%;潜江市发放问卷145份,有效问卷为133份,仙桃市发放问卷125份,有效问卷110份,超过模型所需的样本数。在进行数据处理前运用SPSS17.0中的Cronbachs α系数对原始数据进行可行度检测,检测克朗巴斯系数达到0.756(>0.5),表明原始数据能反映主体特征的真实度。

2.2 不同生计资产配置的宅基地流转农户分类

根据家庭生计资产量化指标体系,笔者对调查区域被调查农户的家庭生计资产值进行测算,结果表明不同生计资产配置的农户家庭,其生计资产分值处于不同的得分区间(见表4)。根据农户的生计资产总值,结合研究区域农户非农化程度高低将调查样本农户划分为:单一资产缺乏型农户为53户,多元资产缺乏型农户为33户,资产普通型农户为83户,资产富裕型农户为74户。为便于进一步研究宅基地流转对农户家庭福利变化影响,在分析中我们将单一资产缺乏型与多元资产缺乏型农户并称为资产缺乏型农户,把资产普通型和富裕型农户并称为资产均衡型农户。

2.3 不同类型农户宅基地流转后家庭福利变化分析

2.3.1 总样本农户家庭福利变化模糊综合评价分析

由表5显示,在实施宅基地流转后,总样本农户家庭福利变化模糊综合值为0.533,略高于流转前的模糊状态(评价值为0.5)。这一结果值表明在政府主导实施的宅基地流转中,农户家庭福利在某些方面得到了一定的改善和提高,这与马贤磊等研究结果不一致。可能的原因在于选择的研究区域郊区农村与偏远农村的在实施宅基地流转过程中存在的补偿安置政策、经济发展水平、农户就业能力与机会等不同影响的。对总体样本农户家庭福利变化进一步分析,发现农户家庭经济状况、社会保障以及居住条件这三项功能福利水平在宅基地流转后均得到了不同程度的提高和改善,特别是家庭经济状况(0.695)和居住条件(0.644)与设定的宅基地流转前家庭福利模糊状态(0.5)差距明显,综合评价值比流转前模糊状态分别高出了0.195和0.144;另一方面流转后农户家庭福利得到改善与国家实施的“新农合”以及相关的社会保障(0.536)政策分不开。因此在实施政府主导下的宅基地流转过程中,建立和完善包括农村社会养老保险、医疗保险及最低生活保障等在内的农村社会保障体系将会有助于农户家庭福利的改善与提高,促进政府的流转政策落实和实施。

Sen认为福利包括物质福利和精神福利。实施宅基地流转政策从总体样本来看,农户家庭福利有所改善,但是变化幅度并不是很明显;从得到改善的原因来看,农户家庭物质福利稍有改善(家庭经济状况、居住条件等),而在社区环境(0.414)、发展机遇(0.439)以及农户心理认识(0.473)等方面福利状态没有达到改善和提高,相反要低于设定的福利模糊状态(0.5)。在调查中发现很多农户都认为,家庭在短期内经济状况有所改善,但是这种改变是暂时的,都认为从长期来看宅基地流转后,由于流转后农户家庭收入来源减少、家庭开支增加,农户家庭成员就业机会较少,家庭整体福利会降低甚至会恶化。因此在实施宅基地流转时,制定的政策不仅要有利于农户家庭经济福利的提高和改善,还要考虑农户家庭成员的长远发展和生计的可持续,要注重人与生存环境的协调,真正实现人的发展与生存环境可持续发展相和谐,使农户享受城里人的生活。

2.3.2 资产均衡型农户家庭福利变化模糊综合评价分析

由表5表明,在实施宅基地流转后,资产均衡型农户家庭福利模糊综合值为0.547,略高于流转前的设定模糊值0.5。这一结果值表明在政府主导实施的宅基地流转中,资产均衡型农户家庭福利水平有所提高和改善,可能的原因是由于资产均衡型农户家庭生计资产配置合理,宅基地流转后对家庭原来经济来源、就业等方面没有产生很大的影响,同时由于家庭成员有较强的就业能力和创业能力,在宅基地流转后,政府出台的相关就业或创业政策以及农户获得相应的货币补偿更加有利于这部分农户就业与创业。对样本农户家庭福利变化进一步分析,发现农户家庭经济状况(0.611)、社会保障(0.678)、居住条件(0.751)以及发展机会(0.560)这4项功能福利水平在宅基地流转后均得到了不同程度的提高和改善,这4项功能福利模糊值均高于设定的宅基地流转前的设定模糊状态(0.5),这与总体样本农户家庭福利变化是相一致的;另一方面,实施宅基地流转后,资产均衡型农户家庭在社区环境(0.428)和心理福利(0.476)这2项功能福利没得到改善和提高,比设定的福利模糊状态(0.5)分别低0.072和0.024。

2.3.3 资产缺乏型农户家庭福利变化模糊综合评价分析

对于资产缺乏型农户家庭户,由表5表明,在实施宅基地流转后农户家庭福利模糊综合值为0.464,低于流转前的模糊状态(设定值为0.5)。这一结果值表明在政府主导实施的宅基地流转中,资产缺乏型农户的家庭福利水平会降低或甚至有些恶化。对资产缺乏型农户家庭福利变化进一步分析,造成流转后农户家庭福利水平下降的原因主要是农户家庭经济状况(0.490)、社区环境(0.430)、

发展机遇(0.374)以及心理状态(0.410)这4项功能的福利模糊综合值与设定的模糊状态差距明显,均低于设定值0.5,特别是发展机遇(包括就业0.413和对发展机会的认识0.342)。

但是实施宅基地流转后,农户的社会保障与居住条件这二项功能福利水平均得到了不同程度的提高和改善,特别是居住条件(0.690)与设定的宅基地流转前家庭福利模糊状态(0.5)差距明显,比流转前模糊状态高出了0.190;另一方面流转后农户家庭福利得到改善与国家实施的“新农合”保障以及相关的社会保障(0.589)政策分不开,这与总样本模型对宅基地流转后农户家庭福利有着相同影响。

3 研究结论与政策启示

文章基于农户家庭生计资产现状,分析了宅基地流转对不同生计资产配置的农户家庭福利产生的影响,并以武汉城市圈宅基地流转农户为研究对象进行了实证分析。研究表明当前开展政府主导的宅基地流转对总体样本和资产均衡型农户的家庭福利有所提高和改善,模糊指数分别为0.533、0.547,而使资产缺乏性农户家庭福利会降低,模糊指数为0.464;进一步分析影响农户家庭福利变化的因素发现,宅基地流转后,

农户家庭的居住条件、社会保障得到了改善,但社区环境、心理福利有所下降,

同时宅基地流转对不同类型农户的家庭福利指标作用方向不同。由此本文得出如下政策启示:

(1)实施差别化宅基地流转保障、扶持政策,实现对农户家庭瞄准补偿与支助。

是否参与宅基地流转,农户认为是如何保障他们的生活、生产及生存与发展,特别是农村那些鳏、寡、孤、独等家庭。制定和实施差别化宅基地流转保障、扶持政策就是针对不同生计资产配置的农户家现状采取不同的政策和措施,实现对农户家庭精确补偿和支助,给农户及其家庭成员生活、生产和就业发展创造环境,确保农户家庭在集中居住或上楼或异地建房后的福利水平不降低,促进农户家庭的可持续发展。由于农户家庭生计资产配置不尽相同,对于宅基地流转后各类家庭面临的风险也不尽相同,

政府在制定宅基地流转政策时,

要考虑设置政策措施的差别化,对生计资产均衡型农户家庭给予政策优惠,支持其规模发展或自主创业,并带领其他乡亲共同发展;对生计资产缺乏型农户不仅要给予政策扶持和资金援助,还要为他们提供免费就业培训,帮助他们转变思想观念,提高他们就业或创业能力,为他们提供更多的就业机会,使资产缺乏型农户在实施宅基地流转后,生活改善、家庭福利提高,分享社会经济发展的成果。

(2)加强新居民点的选址与规划,使居民点有利于被流转农户的生活、生产和就业。

生活、生产与就业是农户参与宅基地流转后能否生存与发展关键。在调查中发现,许多农户倾心于基础设施完善、交通方便、环境优美的居住区。这些变化会提高农户的生活质量,使农户看到宅基地流转后带来实实在在的变化,能使农户就地就业或创造财富,提升农户对自我身份的认可。因此在实施宅基地流转过程中,应该加强对新居民点的选址和规划管理,要因地制宜, 不能简单地套用城市社区规划,选址、规模、形态要符合农民意愿及当地的实际情况;另一方面要加强对安置区的基础设施、人文环境的建设,使安置区成为一个出行方便、空气清新、环境优雅、宜于居住的“新家园”,提高农户对新安置地、新环境、新生活的认同感。

(3)注重农户参与与生存发展,提高被流转农户自我认可与精神的改变。

农村宅基地流转是一项系统工程,涉及决策主体包括政府、集体组织、宅基地农户以及土地使用者等,而作为宅基地主体农户的决策对实施这项工程起到关键性作用。森(2002)在研究个人可行能力时,认为个人政治自由可以扩展人的可行能力,能增进福利;农户参与宅基地流转决策是森的政治自由功能的体现,通过参与决策能实现农户基本权益和防止家庭福利受到损害,使宅基地流转项目得到农户的认可和提升农户对未来实现自我充满信心。但是就实施的现状来看,如新安置点选址、规划以及社区环境建设等,都是政府决定,农户的参与权被忽视,导致农户的参与度不高、对新居民点和新环境认同感较低;在对农户家庭福利变化分析可以看出宅基地流转后,农户的心理和精神福利都受到不同程度下降,特别是资产缺乏型农户家庭的福利受到更大的影响。因此在实施宅基地流转项目时,要注重农户的参与和生存发展,通过农户的参与,提高宅基地流转项目实施的公平、公开及透明度,提升农户对新社区的认同感,促进农户及其家庭成员精神改变和实现自我价值。

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[8]李小云,董强,饶小龙,等.农户脆弱性分析方法及本土化应用[J].中国农村经济,2007,(4):32-39. [Li Xiaoyun, Dong Qiang, Rao Xiaolong, et al. Application of the Farmers Vulnerability Analysis Method in the Localization [J].Chinese Rural Economy,2007,(4):32-39.]

[9]谢东梅.农户生计资产量化分析方法的运用与验证[J].技术经济,2009,29(9):43-48. [Xie Dongmei. Application and Validation on Quantitative Analysis Method of Livelihood Assets of Rural Households [J]. Technology Economics,2009,29(9):43-48.]

[10]Sharp, Kay. Measuring Destitution: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the Analysis of Survey Data [M]. Michigan: Institute of Development Studies, 2003: 217.

[11]高进云,乔荣锋,张安录.农地城市流转前后农户福利变化的模糊评价[J].管理世界,2007,(6):45-55. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng, Zhang Anlu. Fuzzy Evaluation of Farmers Wellbeing in Rural Urban Land Conversion Based on Sens Capability Approach [J].Management World, 2007,(6):45-55.]

[12]郭玲霞.农地城市流转对失地农户福利影响及征地补偿研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012. [Guo Lingxia. Impact of RuralUrban Land Conversion on the Landless Peasants Welfare and Land Requisition Compensation [D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]

[13]贾燕,李钢,朱新华.农民集中居住前后福利状况变化研究[J].农业经济问题,2009,(2):30-36. [Jia Yan, Li Gang, Zhu Xinhua. A Research on the Farmers Welfare State in the PostConcentrated Residence Age[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009(2):30-36.]

[14]尹奇,马璐璐,王庆日.基于森的功能和能力福利理论的失地农民福利水平评价[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(7):42-45. [Yin Qi, Ma Lulu, Wang Qingri. Evaluation on the Welfare Level of Landlost Peasants Based on Sens Function and Capacity Welfare Theory [J]. China Land Science,2010,24(7):42-45.]

[15]马贤磊,孙晓中.不同经济发展水平下农民集中居住前后的福利变化研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2012,12(2):8-11. [Ma Xianlei, Sun Xiaozhong. A Survey on the Farmers Welfare State in the Postconcentrated Residence Age under Different Economic Levels[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012,12(2):8-11.]

[16]高进云,乔荣锋.农地城市流转前后农户福利变化差异分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(1):99-105. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng. Analysis on Variation in Farmers Welfare after Rural Urban Land Conversion [J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(1):99-105.]

[17]阿玛蒂亚·森.以自由看待世界[M].任姬,于真,译.北京:中国人民大学出版,2002:150.[Amartya Sen. Development as Freedom [M ]. Ren Ze, Yu Zhen, Translate, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002:150.]Research on Welfare Changes of Farmers Family with Different Allocation

of Livelihood Assets in the Rural Residential Land Conversion

GUAN Jianghua1,2 HUANG Chaoxi1 HU Yingen1

(1.College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;

2.Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang Hubei 438000,China)

Abstract

Based on the existing studies of the Family Livelihood Assets and the Family Welfare Theory, this paper conducts an empirical research on the rural residential land conversion in typical areas of Wuhan Metropolitan and analyses the impacts of the conversion on the welfare of the farmer family, using the quantitative analysis upon famers livelihood assets and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Specifically, the quantitative analysis of the livelihood assets is conducted to examine the allocation of the household livelihood assets by farmers whose residential land has been circulated and obtained the values of farmers livelihood assets, through which the farmers are divided into two types: the famers whose assets are lacked and the farmers whose assets are balanced. With Sens Capability Theory and the framework for evaluating the family welfare, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to examine the influence of the residential land conversion to the family welfare of farmers under the allocation of different livelihood assets. The results show the rural residential land conversion improves the family welfare of farmers from the perspective of the total samples and the asset balanced families, and the fuzzy evaluation index are respectively 0.533 and 0.547, both of which are higher than 0.5 that is set before the residential land conversion, while the family welfare of farmers whose assets are lacked is getting declined after the rural residential land conversion and the fuzzy evaluation index is decreased from 0.5 to 0.464. In terms of factors that affect the family welfare, economic conditions, living conditions, social security and development opportunities are improved and community environment and psychological welfare are declined by rural residential land conversion among the asset balanced farmers; while economic conditions, the community environment, development opportunities and the psychological welfare are declined, living conditions and social security are improved by rural residential land conversion among the asset lacked farmers. Therefore, based on the sustainable livelihoods of farmers and welfare improvement, the corresponding conclusions can be drawn: in the rural residential land conversion, the differentiated policies for securing and supporting land conversion should be implemented in order to carry out the precise compensation for farmers family; the new settlements should be carefully selected and planned in order to facilitate farmers living, employment and development; the public participation and survival development of farmers should be emphasized to improve farmers selfrecognition and mental conditions and ensure that the spiritual welfare of farmers can be gradually improved as their material welfare is improved after the rural residential land conversion.

Key words rural residential land conversion; livelihood assets; types of farmers; welfare; fuzzy evaluation; Wuhan Metropolitan

[11]高进云,乔荣锋,张安录.农地城市流转前后农户福利变化的模糊评价[J].管理世界,2007,(6):45-55. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng, Zhang Anlu. Fuzzy Evaluation of Farmers Wellbeing in Rural Urban Land Conversion Based on Sens Capability Approach [J].Management World, 2007,(6):45-55.]

[12]郭玲霞.农地城市流转对失地农户福利影响及征地补偿研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012. [Guo Lingxia. Impact of RuralUrban Land Conversion on the Landless Peasants Welfare and Land Requisition Compensation [D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]

[13]贾燕,李钢,朱新华.农民集中居住前后福利状况变化研究[J].农业经济问题,2009,(2):30-36. [Jia Yan, Li Gang, Zhu Xinhua. A Research on the Farmers Welfare State in the PostConcentrated Residence Age[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009(2):30-36.]

[14]尹奇,马璐璐,王庆日.基于森的功能和能力福利理论的失地农民福利水平评价[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(7):42-45. [Yin Qi, Ma Lulu, Wang Qingri. Evaluation on the Welfare Level of Landlost Peasants Based on Sens Function and Capacity Welfare Theory [J]. China Land Science,2010,24(7):42-45.]

[15]马贤磊,孙晓中.不同经济发展水平下农民集中居住前后的福利变化研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2012,12(2):8-11. [Ma Xianlei, Sun Xiaozhong. A Survey on the Farmers Welfare State in the Postconcentrated Residence Age under Different Economic Levels[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012,12(2):8-11.]

[16]高进云,乔荣锋.农地城市流转前后农户福利变化差异分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(1):99-105. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng. Analysis on Variation in Farmers Welfare after Rural Urban Land Conversion [J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(1):99-105.]

[17]阿玛蒂亚·森.以自由看待世界[M].任姬,于真,译.北京:中国人民大学出版,2002:150.[Amartya Sen. Development as Freedom [M ]. Ren Ze, Yu Zhen, Translate, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002:150.]Research on Welfare Changes of Farmers Family with Different Allocation

of Livelihood Assets in the Rural Residential Land Conversion

GUAN Jianghua1,2 HUANG Chaoxi1 HU Yingen1

(1.College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;

2.Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang Hubei 438000,China)

Abstract

Based on the existing studies of the Family Livelihood Assets and the Family Welfare Theory, this paper conducts an empirical research on the rural residential land conversion in typical areas of Wuhan Metropolitan and analyses the impacts of the conversion on the welfare of the farmer family, using the quantitative analysis upon famers livelihood assets and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Specifically, the quantitative analysis of the livelihood assets is conducted to examine the allocation of the household livelihood assets by farmers whose residential land has been circulated and obtained the values of farmers livelihood assets, through which the farmers are divided into two types: the famers whose assets are lacked and the farmers whose assets are balanced. With Sens Capability Theory and the framework for evaluating the family welfare, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to examine the influence of the residential land conversion to the family welfare of farmers under the allocation of different livelihood assets. The results show the rural residential land conversion improves the family welfare of farmers from the perspective of the total samples and the asset balanced families, and the fuzzy evaluation index are respectively 0.533 and 0.547, both of which are higher than 0.5 that is set before the residential land conversion, while the family welfare of farmers whose assets are lacked is getting declined after the rural residential land conversion and the fuzzy evaluation index is decreased from 0.5 to 0.464. In terms of factors that affect the family welfare, economic conditions, living conditions, social security and development opportunities are improved and community environment and psychological welfare are declined by rural residential land conversion among the asset balanced farmers; while economic conditions, the community environment, development opportunities and the psychological welfare are declined, living conditions and social security are improved by rural residential land conversion among the asset lacked farmers. Therefore, based on the sustainable livelihoods of farmers and welfare improvement, the corresponding conclusions can be drawn: in the rural residential land conversion, the differentiated policies for securing and supporting land conversion should be implemented in order to carry out the precise compensation for farmers family; the new settlements should be carefully selected and planned in order to facilitate farmers living, employment and development; the public participation and survival development of farmers should be emphasized to improve farmers selfrecognition and mental conditions and ensure that the spiritual welfare of farmers can be gradually improved as their material welfare is improved after the rural residential land conversion.

Key words rural residential land conversion; livelihood assets; types of farmers; welfare; fuzzy evaluation; Wuhan Metropolitan

[11]高进云,乔荣锋,张安录.农地城市流转前后农户福利变化的模糊评价[J].管理世界,2007,(6):45-55. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng, Zhang Anlu. Fuzzy Evaluation of Farmers Wellbeing in Rural Urban Land Conversion Based on Sens Capability Approach [J].Management World, 2007,(6):45-55.]

[12]郭玲霞.农地城市流转对失地农户福利影响及征地补偿研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012. [Guo Lingxia. Impact of RuralUrban Land Conversion on the Landless Peasants Welfare and Land Requisition Compensation [D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]

[13]贾燕,李钢,朱新华.农民集中居住前后福利状况变化研究[J].农业经济问题,2009,(2):30-36. [Jia Yan, Li Gang, Zhu Xinhua. A Research on the Farmers Welfare State in the PostConcentrated Residence Age[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009(2):30-36.]

[14]尹奇,马璐璐,王庆日.基于森的功能和能力福利理论的失地农民福利水平评价[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(7):42-45. [Yin Qi, Ma Lulu, Wang Qingri. Evaluation on the Welfare Level of Landlost Peasants Based on Sens Function and Capacity Welfare Theory [J]. China Land Science,2010,24(7):42-45.]

[15]马贤磊,孙晓中.不同经济发展水平下农民集中居住前后的福利变化研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2012,12(2):8-11. [Ma Xianlei, Sun Xiaozhong. A Survey on the Farmers Welfare State in the Postconcentrated Residence Age under Different Economic Levels[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012,12(2):8-11.]

[16]高进云,乔荣锋.农地城市流转前后农户福利变化差异分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(1):99-105. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng. Analysis on Variation in Farmers Welfare after Rural Urban Land Conversion [J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(1):99-105.]

[17]阿玛蒂亚·森.以自由看待世界[M].任姬,于真,译.北京:中国人民大学出版,2002:150.[Amartya Sen. Development as Freedom [M ]. Ren Ze, Yu Zhen, Translate, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002:150.]Research on Welfare Changes of Farmers Family with Different Allocation

of Livelihood Assets in the Rural Residential Land Conversion

GUAN Jianghua1,2 HUANG Chaoxi1 HU Yingen1

(1.College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;

2.Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang Hubei 438000,China)

Abstract

Based on the existing studies of the Family Livelihood Assets and the Family Welfare Theory, this paper conducts an empirical research on the rural residential land conversion in typical areas of Wuhan Metropolitan and analyses the impacts of the conversion on the welfare of the farmer family, using the quantitative analysis upon famers livelihood assets and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Specifically, the quantitative analysis of the livelihood assets is conducted to examine the allocation of the household livelihood assets by farmers whose residential land has been circulated and obtained the values of farmers livelihood assets, through which the farmers are divided into two types: the famers whose assets are lacked and the farmers whose assets are balanced. With Sens Capability Theory and the framework for evaluating the family welfare, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to examine the influence of the residential land conversion to the family welfare of farmers under the allocation of different livelihood assets. The results show the rural residential land conversion improves the family welfare of farmers from the perspective of the total samples and the asset balanced families, and the fuzzy evaluation index are respectively 0.533 and 0.547, both of which are higher than 0.5 that is set before the residential land conversion, while the family welfare of farmers whose assets are lacked is getting declined after the rural residential land conversion and the fuzzy evaluation index is decreased from 0.5 to 0.464. In terms of factors that affect the family welfare, economic conditions, living conditions, social security and development opportunities are improved and community environment and psychological welfare are declined by rural residential land conversion among the asset balanced farmers; while economic conditions, the community environment, development opportunities and the psychological welfare are declined, living conditions and social security are improved by rural residential land conversion among the asset lacked farmers. Therefore, based on the sustainable livelihoods of farmers and welfare improvement, the corresponding conclusions can be drawn: in the rural residential land conversion, the differentiated policies for securing and supporting land conversion should be implemented in order to carry out the precise compensation for farmers family; the new settlements should be carefully selected and planned in order to facilitate farmers living, employment and development; the public participation and survival development of farmers should be emphasized to improve farmers selfrecognition and mental conditions and ensure that the spiritual welfare of farmers can be gradually improved as their material welfare is improved after the rural residential land conversion.

Key words rural residential land conversion; livelihood assets; types of farmers; welfare; fuzzy evaluation; Wuhan Metropolitan

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