小鼠皮肤移植中雷公藤内酯醇的免疫抑制作用及机制研究

2014-09-19 03:31梁阔刘爽崔叶青孙海晨罗斌万岁桂孙雪静李非
中国医药导报 2014年23期
关键词:作用机制免疫抑制

梁阔+刘爽+崔叶青+孙海晨+罗斌+万岁桂+孙雪静+李非

[摘要] 目的 探讨雷公藤内酯醇(Triptolide,Tri)在小鼠同种异体皮肤移植中的免疫抑制作用及其可能的作用机制。 方法 采用BALB/c小鼠作为供体,C57BL/6小鼠作为受体,建立皮肤移植模型。随机分为3组,每组8只。移植术后前6天(0~5 d)分别予腹腔注射1%吐温80溶剂(对照组)、Tri 100 μg/kg(L-Tri组)和Tri 200 μg/kg(H-Tri组)。术后观察移植皮片存活情况。并于术后第7天每组随机选取3只,切取脾脏以流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞中CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T细胞比例。 结果 对照组、L-Tri组和H-Tri组移植皮片平均存活时间分别为(8.3±1.2)、(12.4±1.9)、(14.9±2.2)d;脾淋巴细胞中CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+调节性T细胞比例分别为(5.6±0.8)%、(12.6±1.5)%和(16.1±2.1)%;L-Tri组及H-Tri组与对照组比较,H-Tri组与L-Tri组比较,小鼠移植皮肤平均存活时间均明显延长(P < 0.05),CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T细胞数量也明显增加(P < 0.05)。 结论 Tri能够抑制移植后排斥反应,延长小鼠同种异体皮肤移植的存活时间,其免疫作用机制可能与上调移植受体CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T细胞的比例有关,并且其免疫抑制作用具有一定的剂量依赖性。

[关键词] 皮肤移植;免疫抑制;雷公藤内酯醇;作用机制

[中图分类号] R657.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)08(b)-0012-04

Immunosuppressive effect and mechanism of Triptolide on skin allografts in mice

LIANG Kuo1 LIU Shuang1 CUI Yeqing1 SUN Haichen1 LUO Bin1 WAN Suigui2 SUN Xuejing2 LI Fei1▲

1.Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; 2.Department of Hematology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the immunosuppressive effect and the possible mechanism of Triptolide on skin allografts in murine model. Methods BALB/c mice to C57BL/6 mice skin allografting models were created. The recipients were divided into three groups. The mice in the treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally with Triptolide at 100 μg/kg (low-dose Triptolide group, L-Tri group) or 200 μg/kg (high-dose Triptolide group, H-Tri group) daily in the first 6 days (0-5 days); while the mice in control group were given vehicles (1% Tween 80). The median survival time of skin allografts in each group was monitored. The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in spleen tissue were tested by flow cytometry. Results The median survival time of skin allografts in the control group, L-Tri group and H-Tri group were (8.3±1.2), (12.4±1.9) d and (14.9±2.2) d respectively. The percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in spleen tissues of three groups were (5.6±0.8) %, (12.6±1.5)% and (16.1±2.1)% respectively. Compared with control group, the L-Tri group and H-Tri group show significantly prolonged skin allograft survival time (P < 0.05), increased percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion Tri can inhibit immune rejection, prolong the skin allograft survival time in mice. The anti-rejection effect of Tri may be attributed to the upregulation of regulatory T cells. In addition, the immunosuppressive effect of triptolide shows dose-dependent.endprint

[Key words] Skin transplantation; Immunosuppression; Triptolide; Mechanism

同种器官移植已成为治疗人类肾脏、心脏及肝脏等严重疾病的一种重要手段。但是,由于目前临床应用的免疫抑制剂长期使用时具有一定的毒副作用,因此研制开发新型、高效、低毒的免疫抑制剂,一直是临床关注的热点[1-2]。雷公藤内酯醇(Triptolide,Tri)是从我国传统中药雷公藤中分离出来的含有三个环氧基的二萜内酯化合物,具有较强的抗炎、抗肿瘤和免疫抑制作用[3-4]。动物实验证实其在心脏[5-6]、肾脏[7]、肝脏[8]、肺脏[9]、胰岛[10-11]等多种移植模型中均具有较好的抗排斥作用,是一种极有潜力的免疫抑制药物。但目前国内外学者对于Tri在移植中的抗排斥作用机制仍然存在较多争论[12]。本研究旨在通过观察Tri在小鼠同种异体皮肤移植中的抗排斥效果,初步探讨其可能的免疫作用机制。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物

近交系雄性BALB/c小鼠(H-2d)8只为供体,雄性C57BL/6(H-2b)24只为受体,均为8~12周龄,体重22~25 g,购自北京维通利华公司。饲养于恒温(25~27℃)、恒定湿度(45%~55%)、无特定病原体(SPF级)环境中。

1.2 主要试剂

Tri购自中国药品生物制品检定所,吐温80购自北京思语伟业生物公司,链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)、胶原酶Ⅴ购自Sigma公司,Ficoll 400购自瑞典Pharmacia公司,胎牛血清购自Gibco公司,免疫组化试剂购自迈新公司。藻红蛋白(PE)标记的抗小鼠Foxp3单克隆抗体(mAb)、异硫氰酸荧光素( FITC)标记的抗小鼠CD4单克隆抗体(mAb)、别藻青蛋白(APC)标记的抗小鼠CD25单克隆抗体(mAb)等免疫荧光染料均购自eBioscience公司。

1.3 皮肤移植与分组

供体(BALB/c)脱椎法处死后,取尾部皮肤,剪成0.8 cm×0.8 cm大小的皮片置于无菌PBS中备用。C57BL/6受鼠给予4%水合氯醛腹腔注射(10 μL/g)麻醉。制备受鼠背部移植床,将供体皮片置于移植床,6-0丝线缝合固定,皮片表面敷盖凡士林油纱并用无菌纱布包扎覆盖,创可贴包扎固定,单笼饲养。3 d后去掉凡士林油纱和无菌纱布,逐日观察移植物排斥状况。以皮片结痂、变硬、坏死、缩小到初始测量尺寸的50%时,定义为移植皮肤被排斥标准[13]。术后分成对照组和治疗组[包括L-Tri组(100 μg/kg)和H-Tri组(200 μg/kg)]。治疗组术后连续6 d腹腔注射Tri,对照组给予等体积溶剂(1%吐温80)。

1.4 流式细胞术

移植术后第7天,分别制备各组小鼠的脾淋巴细胞悬液,将浓度调制5×106/mL。然后取1 mL细胞悬液加入FITC-抗CD4单抗(0.25 μg/106个细胞)和APC-抗CD25单抗(0.125 μg/106个细胞),室温共孵育15 min,Foxp3-PE标记参照试剂盒操作指南进行破膜标记。标记后的细胞用冷PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)洗2次。1%多聚甲醛300 μL重悬固定,调整细胞浓度为1×106个/mL,取400 μL上FACScan流式细胞仪进行分析。每份标本均设同型对照,取2次检测结果均值进行统计学处理。以流式细胞仪双色、三色分析法分别分析CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+调节性T细胞的比例。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 17.0统计软件及Graphpad Prism 5.0软件进行数据处理,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 Tri对移植皮肤存活时间的影响

对照组移植皮肤平均存活时间为(8.3±1.2)d,L-Tri组为(12.4±1.9)d,H-Tri组为(14.9±2.2)d;与对照组相比,L-Tri组和H-Tri组移植皮肤平均存活时间明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);与L-Tri组相比,H-Tri组移植皮肤平均存活时间明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图1。

A B

A:三组移植皮肤的生存曲线;B:三组移植皮肤的平均生存时间,*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01

图1 Tri对小鼠同种异体移植皮肤生存时间的影响

2.2 流式细胞检测结果

皮肤移植术后第7天,Tri处理组脾细胞CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T reg的比例明显增加,H-Tri组为(16.1±2.1)%,明显高于L-Tri组[(12.6±1.5)%](P=0.00),且两组均明显高于对照组[(5.6±0.8)%](P=0.01)。见图2。

3 讨论

器官移植已经成为治疗终末期器官衰竭的最有效手段,但移植术后的免疫排斥反应却长期影响着移植效果和患者的生存质量,免疫抑制药物的合理应用是移植成败的关键。目前常用的免疫抑制剂的作用效果仍不十分理想,长期应用可造成肝、肾功能受损、感染风险增加、肿瘤发生率增加等一系列不良反应。因此,研究开发新型、低毒、高效的抗排斥药物,探索更为有效的免疫抑制方案仍然是当前迫切需要解决的问题[6]。

近几年的研究显示,Tri在体内、体外均具有较好的免疫抑制活性[14],在器官移植领域有一定应用前景。在大鼠同种异体心脏移植模型中,Tri能够明显延长移植心脏的存活时间,并与他克莫司和环孢霉素均具有明显协同作用[5]。在小鼠同种异体心脏移植研究中,Tri能够延长移植心脏存活时间,并与雷帕霉素显示出了良好的协同作用[6]。有学者研究显示,在大鼠同种异体肾脏移植中,Tri同样能够明显延长移植肾脏的存活时间[7]。郑树森等[8]研究证实,雷公藤多苷能够轻度抑制大鼠异种原位肝移植排斥反应。He等[9]研究发现,Tri能够减轻移植肺脏的缺血再灌注损伤,改善移植肺功能。本研究将Tri应用于小鼠同种异体皮肤移植模型,观察到Tri能够抑制其免疫排斥反应,有效延长移植物的存活时间,并且随着Tri剂量的增加,其免疫抑制作用也明显增强,提示Tri的抗排斥作用与药物剂量有一定相关性。但Tri发挥免疫抑制作用的机制尚未完全阐明,国内外学者仍然存在较多的争论。endprint

近年来研究显示,作为一种新的免疫抑制剂,Tri可抑制T细胞增殖,诱导T细胞和树突状细胞(DC)的凋亡,抑制抗原递呈细胞的抗原递呈,抑制DC表达主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类分子[15],抑制IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IFN-γ、TNF-α等细胞因子的产生[16]。CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞是Sakaguchi 等于1995 年首先发现,存在于外周血及脾脏组织的CD4+ T细胞中的一类具有独特抑制功能的T细胞亚群。在小鼠体内占CD4+ T细胞的5%~10%,而在人体内只占2%~3%。近年来研究发现,CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞作为一群具有免疫负调控功能的T细胞亚群,通过抑制其他免疫效应细胞的激活和增殖,对抑制移植排斥反应和诱导移植免疫耐受起重要作用[17-18],而输注CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞可以促进移植物存活[19]。在同种移植中,有研究证实,CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞对于预防或纠正慢性移植物抗宿主反应(GVHD)有重要作用[20]。许多研究表明,CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞亦可以影响巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、NK细胞、B细胞等的功能[6,21]。Foxp3(forkhead/winged helix transciption factor)作为叉头状转录因子,为CD4+CD25+ T细胞的发育和功能所必需[22]。Tri能够促进Foxp3+调节性T细胞的产生[23-24]。

本实验结果显示,给予皮肤移植小鼠应用不同剂量Tri,能够提高受体小鼠脾脏CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T细胞的数量,延长移植皮肤的存活时间,并具有一定剂量依赖效应。由此推断,Tri可能通过增加移植受体CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T细胞的数量,诱导免疫耐受,从而发挥延长移植物存活时间的作用。但Tri诱导CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T细胞上调的分子机制目前尚不清楚,还需进一步研究。

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[13] 张进生,管德林,许建军,等.1,25-(OH)2D3对小鼠皮肤移植后脾T细胞亚群、MLR及NK细胞活性的影响[J].中华器官移植杂志,2003,24(4):226-229.

[14] Han R,Rostami-Yazdi M,Gerdes S,et al. Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol,2012,74:424-436.

[15] Zhu K,Shen Q,Chang H,et al. Triptolide affects the differentiation,maturation and function of human dendritic cells [J]. Int Immunopharmaco1,2005,5(9):1415-1426.

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[22] Hori S,Nomura T,Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor FoxP3 [J]. Science,2003,299:1057-1061.

[23] Zhang G,Liu Y,Guo H,et al. Triptolide promotes generation of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in rats [J]. J Ethnophar macol,2009,125(1):41-46.

[24] Li G,Ren J,Wang G,et al. T2 enhances in situ level of Foxp3(+) regulatory cells and modulates inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2014, 18(2):244-248.

(收稿日期:2014-04-08 本文编辑:程 铭)endprint

[12] Wang Y,Jia L,Wu CY. Triptolide inhibits the diferentiation of Th17 cells and suppresses collagen-induced arthritis[J]. Scand J Immunol,2008,68(4):383-390.

[13] 张进生,管德林,许建军,等.1,25-(OH)2D3对小鼠皮肤移植后脾T细胞亚群、MLR及NK细胞活性的影响[J].中华器官移植杂志,2003,24(4):226-229.

[14] Han R,Rostami-Yazdi M,Gerdes S,et al. Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol,2012,74:424-436.

[15] Zhu K,Shen Q,Chang H,et al. Triptolide affects the differentiation,maturation and function of human dendritic cells [J]. Int Immunopharmaco1,2005,5(9):1415-1426.

[16] Liu Q. Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2011,11(3):377-383.

[17] Oliver K,Lisa M,Ebert,et al. Flt3 ligand expands CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human subjects [J]. European Journal of Immunology,2013,43(2):533-539.

[18] Jiang X,Sun W,Guo D,et al. Cardiac allograft acceptance induced by blockade of CD40-CD40L costimulation is dependent on CD4(+)CD25(+)regulatory T cells [J]. Surgery,2011,149(3):336-346.

[19] Joffre O,Santolaria T,Calise D,et al. Prevention of acute and chronic allograft rejection with CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes [J]. Nat Med,2008,14(1):88-92.

[20] Piotr T,Anna DM,Maria B,et al. Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease with Naturally Occurring T Regulatory Cells [J]. BioDrugs,2013,27(6):605-614.

[21] Trzonkowski P,Szarynska M,Mysliwska J,et al. Ex vivo expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)T regulatory cells for immune-suppressive therapy [J]. Cytometry,2009,75(3):175-188.

[22] Hori S,Nomura T,Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor FoxP3 [J]. Science,2003,299:1057-1061.

[23] Zhang G,Liu Y,Guo H,et al. Triptolide promotes generation of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in rats [J]. J Ethnophar macol,2009,125(1):41-46.

[24] Li G,Ren J,Wang G,et al. T2 enhances in situ level of Foxp3(+) regulatory cells and modulates inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2014, 18(2):244-248.

(收稿日期:2014-04-08 本文编辑:程 铭)endprint

[12] Wang Y,Jia L,Wu CY. Triptolide inhibits the diferentiation of Th17 cells and suppresses collagen-induced arthritis[J]. Scand J Immunol,2008,68(4):383-390.

[13] 张进生,管德林,许建军,等.1,25-(OH)2D3对小鼠皮肤移植后脾T细胞亚群、MLR及NK细胞活性的影响[J].中华器官移植杂志,2003,24(4):226-229.

[14] Han R,Rostami-Yazdi M,Gerdes S,et al. Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol,2012,74:424-436.

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(收稿日期:2014-04-08 本文编辑:程 铭)endprint

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