贾静涛
[摘要] 目的 探究利尿剂对老年高血压患者血压、血钾、尿酸及三酰甘油的影响,为该病临床治疗积累相关实践性经验。 方法 选取本院心内科于2010年1月~2012年12月收治的102例高血压患者,根据服用降压药物的不同进行分组,分为利尿剂组(50例)和非利尿剂组(52例)。同时选取同期来院门诊或复查的老年高血压者(未服用降压药或自行停药1个月以上者),设为对照组。 结果 3组的血压、体质指数、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和LVEF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);利尿剂组、非利尿剂组的收缩压、舒张压均低于对照组(P<0.05),利尿剂组的血钾低于非利尿剂组、对照组(P<0.05),尿酸和三酰甘油均高于非利尿剂组、对照组(P<0.05);继续服用利尿剂组的血钾低于停服利尿剂组,血尿酸高于停服利尿剂组(P<0.05)。 结论 老年高血压患者服用利尿剂与非利尿剂的降压效果相当,但长期服用会增高低血钾、高尿酸及高血脂发生率,因此,医生应指导服用利尿剂患者定期来院检测上述指标,并针对异常数值给予早期干预。
[关键词] 高血压;利尿剂;非利尿剂;生化指标
[中图分类号] R544.1[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)05(b)-0077-04
The influence of diuretic on blood pressure,serum potassium,uric acid and triacylglycerol in elderly patients with hypertension
JIA Jing-tao
Department of Cardiology,the Ninth People′s Hospital of Nanyang City in Henan Province,Nanyang 473065,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the influence of diuretic on blood pressure,blood potassium, uric acid and triacylglycerol in elderly patients with hypertensive,and accumulating related practical experience of the clinical treatment of disease. Methods 102 cases with hypertension in department of cardiology in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2012 were selected and divided into the diuretic group (n=50) and the non diuretic group (n=52) according the different of antihypertensive drugs applied.At the same time,the elderly patients with hypertension (not taking antihypertensive drugs or to stop the drug on their own for more than 1 month) were selected as the control group. Results There was no statistical difference of blood pressure,body mass index,creatinine,TC,HDL-C,LDL-C and LVEF among the three groups (P>0.05);systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the diuretic group and the non diuretic group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05),and blood potassium of the diuretic group was lower than that in the non diuretic group and the control group (P<0.05),and uric acid and triglyceride of the diuretic group were higher than those in the non diuretic group and the control group (P<0.05);blood potassium of the continue taking the diuretic group was lower than that in the stop taking diuretic group,and blood uric acid of the continue taking the diuretic group was higher than in the stop taking diuretic group (P<0.05). Conclusion The hypotensive effect is almost the same of taking diuretics and non diuretic in elderly patients with hypertensive,but the long-term taking can increase the incidence rate of low blood potassium,high uric acid and high blood fat,therefore, the doctor should guide patients taking diuretics to detect regularly the indexes above-mentioned to the hospital,and give early intervention in the abnormal value.
[Key words] Hypertension;Diuretic;Non diuretic;Biochemical index
随着近年来老龄化人口的增多,心脑血管疾病发病率呈现逐年攀升趋势,其中高血压是心内科的常见病种,且极易诱发心脑血管事件,进而威胁其生命安全[1]。早期降压治疗是临床上治疗该病的基本原则,其中利尿剂是较为常用的降压药物,相关文献亦指出[2],利尿剂虽在降压疗效方面与新型降压药相当,且能有效降低心肌梗死、脑卒中等不良事件的发生率,但若长期应用噻嗪类利尿剂会导致患者出现低钾血症,进而抵消该药所带来的临床益处[3]。由于高龄患者对利尿剂的耐受性更差[4],所以,了解利尿剂与非利尿剂降压药对患者血生化指标方面的影响性差异,能够更好地为临床用药提供循证依据。本研究收集102例高龄高血压患者,探究不同治疗方案对患者各项指标影响的差异。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取本院心内科于2010年1月~2012年12月收治的102例高血压患者,其中男性62例,女性40例,年龄66~82岁,平均(71.6±2.3)岁。所有患者入院当天均常规测量血压,若收缩压>140 mm Hg和(或)舒张压>90 mm Hg,则为高血压,诊断参照人民卫生出版社第7版《内科学》教材中关于该病的诊断标准。纳入标准:患者收缩压>150 mm Hg和(或)舒张压>95 mm Hg,或正在服用降压药者。排除标准:患者存在痛风、血清肌酐>150 μmol/L者、心功能(NYHA)Ⅳ级或LVEF<40%、肝硬化、自身免疫性疾病、恶性肿瘤等患者。根据患者服用降压药物的不同进行分组,其中利尿剂组共50例,男30例,女20例,年龄为(69.5±2.1)岁,轻度高血压10例,中度高血压27例,重度高血压13例;非利尿剂组共52例,男32例,女20例,年龄为(73.7±2.4)岁,轻度高血压12例,中度高血压25例,重度高血压13例。选取同期来院复诊的高血压患者,设为对照组,共54例,男31例,女23例,年龄为(72.8±2.3)岁,轻度高血压13例,中度高血压26例,重度高血压15例。3组患者在性别、年龄及血压程度方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 利尿剂组本组患者给予氢氯噻嗪、吲达帕胺或含氢氯噻嗪的复方降压药物,服用时间为6个月。具体给药方法:口服用药,吲达帕胺(湖北丝宝药业有限公司,国药准字H20073839)2.5 mg/d,氢氯噻嗪(北京赛科药业有限责任公司,国药准字H20080206)15 mg/d。对本组患者出院后随访12个月,并要求患者每2个月来院复查1次,记录继续服药者和停服药物者具体情况。
1.2.2 非利尿剂组本组患者给予不含利尿剂成分的降压药物,具体药物包含美托洛尔(常州四药制药有限公司,国药准字H32025169)、依那普利(辰欣药业股份有限公司,国药准字H20083605)。美托洛尔用药方案:100~200 mg/次,一日两次的疗效相当于阿替洛尔100 mg/次,1次/d,在血流动力学稳定后立即使用。依那普利用药方案:口服5 mg/次,1次/d,以后随血压反应调整剂量至10~40 mg/d,分2~3 次服用。
1.2.3 对照组本组患者未服用任何降压药或自行停用降压药物至少达1个月以上。
1.3 观察项目
记录3组患者的体质指数、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LVEF、血压、血钾、血尿酸及三酰甘油。血生化指标均采用全自动生化分析仪进行检测(型号BS200);利用超声心动图检查LVEF,即用3.0 MHz探头频率,记录LVEF。
1.4 统计学处理
数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用方差分析,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 3组患者各项指标的比较
3组的血压、体质指数、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和LVEF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
表1 3组患者各项指标的比较(x±s)
2.2 3组患者血压、血钾、尿酸及三酰甘油的比较
利尿剂组、非利尿剂组的收缩压和舒张压均低于对照组(P<0.05);利尿剂组的血钾低于非利尿剂组、对照组(P<0.05),尿酸和三酰甘油均高于非利尿剂组、对照组(P<0.05)(表2)。
表2 3组患者血压、血钾、尿酸及甘油三酯指标比较(x±s)
与对照组比较,*P<0.05;与非利尿剂组比较,#P<0.05
2.3 继续服用利尿剂组与停服利尿剂组血钾和血尿酸的比较
继续服用利尿剂组血钾值低于停服利尿剂组,血尿酸值高于停服利尿剂组(P<0.05)(表3)。
表3 继续服用利尿剂组与停服利尿剂组血钾和血尿酸的比较(x±s)
3 讨论
高血压好发于中老年人群,且随着年龄的增长,收缩压出现升高,而舒张压则出现下降趋势,最终导致脉压随之升高[5]。高龄人群是高血压好发人群,致病机理主要是由于老龄人肾素分泌不断减少,导致血容量相对增多,进而引起血压升高的临床现象[6]。随着近年来,医务人员对高血压研究的不断深入,高血压并发重要靶器官(心、脑、肾等)的损害已经引起患者及医生的极大重视[7]。据文献报道[8],高血压并发心、脑血管不良事件的发生率是正常人群的5~6倍,尤其对于心功能不全的发生率更为明显。血压持续升高会大大增加左心室后负荷,进而引起左心室腔扩大、心室肌肥厚,最终可出现心室向心性肥厚而引起心功能收缩不全,诱发心血管不良事件[9]。此外,高血压会引起颅脑血管痉挛收缩,导致脑组织局部血供不足,使患者出现头晕、耳鸣等症状,而随着血压突发性升高,会引起脑基底动脉破裂导致脑损害症状,危及患者生命安全[10],因此,重视老年高血压的早期干预对患者病情控制及预后康复具有重大的临床价值。目前在临床上应用较广的降压药物主要包括利尿剂、钙通道拮抗剂、交感神经抑制剂及肾素-血管紧张素系统抑制剂。据美国心脏学会公布基于原发性高血压老龄患者10年病死率的研究数据表明[11],利尿剂在老年高血压患者中的应用较为普遍,而该药能明显有效降低心脑血管事件和总病死率,并可改善患者的认知水平;氯噻酮对长期心血管疾病的预后并不逊于氨氯地平、多沙唑嗪及赖诺普利,但亦有文献指出[12],长期服用利尿剂可导致患者出现低钾血症,进而出现乏力、头晕、眼花、心律失常等不良反应。笔者在综合国内外相关文献的基础上,设计本次研究,旨在进一步探讨利尿剂与非利尿剂在降压有效性及用药安全性方面的差异,并丰富临床数据,利于医务人员开展实践性用药。
由于老龄人群常合并多种基础性疾病,且个体之间均有所差异,并会对研究结果中血钾及血尿酸值产生影响,导致偏倚的出现,而在本次研究中,纳入标准已剔除可能对结果各项指标产生影响的情况,包括恶性肿瘤、痛风、慢性肾功能不全及进食过少等,从而保证结果的可信性和可靠性。另外,3组的血压、体质指数、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和LVEF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),这亦保证组间资料的可比性。经过不同降压药物的临床干预,研究结果显明,利尿剂组、非利尿剂组在收缩压和舒张压方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且两组的血压均低于对照组,说明两种药物在降压效果方面相当,与相关研究报道相符[13],而利尿剂组的血钾低于非利尿剂组、对照组(P<0.05),尿酸和三酰甘油均高于非利尿剂组、对照组(P<0.05),这表明利尿剂的安全性尚不及非利尿剂组。由于利尿剂(噻嗪类)大多数为基于保钠排钾原理,导致大量钾离子经尿液排出体外,使其血钾水平降低诱发电解质紊乱;该药还会进一步干扰肾小管排泄尿酸,诱发痛风临床症状;长期用药可升高三酰甘油水平,诱发动脉粥样硬化[14]。对服用利尿剂患者展开为期6个月的追踪随访,其中29例患者继续服用利尿剂,21例停服利尿剂,而期间未服用任何降压药物,结果显示,后者血钾水平高于前者(P<0.05),血尿酸水平低于前者(P<0.05),说明停服利尿剂能够改善机体钾离子水平及血尿酸,不良实验室指标具有可逆性。
虽然利尿剂在老龄高血压患者临床治疗中具有牢固的医学地位,但如何科学、合理地使用并最大程度地减轻利尿剂可能诱发的低价血症需要引起医生关注[15],因为利尿剂在减少血容量的同时,还会诱发低血钾及高尿酸血症,因此,在给予小剂量药物时,可适当采取补钾措施[16],即可联合给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,它可减少血管紧张素Ⅰ 转变为血管紧张素Ⅱ,达到扩张血管,降低外周阻力的目的,最为重要的是该药具有保钾效应[17],故利尿剂联合血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂可强化降压效果,并降低低钾血症发生率。另外,利尿剂可导致血尿酸升高,据文献报道[18],血尿酸是相关疾病的独立预测危险因素,因此,对于服用利尿剂患者,医生需叮嘱患者定期来院复查相关实验室指标,及时给予针对性干预。
综上所述,老龄高血压患者给予利尿剂治疗,能达到较为满意的降压效果,但可能会并发低钾血症及高尿酸血症。临床医生应重视患者的用药安全性,并要求患者进行定期复诊,密切关注其血钾及血尿酸水平。长期服用利尿剂者,最好联合应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,它可降低利尿剂所致的低钾血症发生率。
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(收稿日期:2014-04-15本文编辑:许俊琴)
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(收稿日期:2014-04-15本文编辑:许俊琴)
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(收稿日期:2014-04-15本文编辑:许俊琴)