异常踝臂指数与慢性肾脏病患者左室重量指数的关系研究

2014-06-27 03:09张立萍等
中国医药导报 2014年11期

张立萍等

[摘要] 目的 通过评估慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)3~5期患者的踝臂指数(ABI)和心脏超声参数,了解二者在CKD中是否存在独立相关性。 [关键词] 踝臂指数;左室重量指数;慢性肾脏疾病

[中图分类号] R692 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)04(b)-0014-03

[Abstract] Objective To assess ankle brachial index (ABI) and echocardiographic parameters in patients with chronic renal disease (CKD) stage 3-5, and to know whether there was an significant correlation between abnormal ABI and echocaroigraphic parameters. Methods A total of 250 predialysis CKD patients from January 2011 to December 2012 were included in the study. The ABI was measured by an ABI-form device and patients were classified into three groups:ABI <0.9 group

[Key words] Ankle-brachial indices; Left ventricular mass index; Chronic kidney disease

慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)是一种临床常见病,发病率呈现逐年上升趋势,而心血管疾病(CAD)在CKD患者中高发,是影响CKD患者预后的重要因素。踝臂指数(ABI)是踝动脉与肱动脉的比值,其对动脉粥样硬化具有良好的预测性,ABI的变化可反映动脉粥样硬化的进展。ABI< 0.9被认为是诊断外周动脉疾病(PAD)无创且有效的检查手段,而ABI≥ 1.3则提示血管中膜钙化(MAC)。PAD和MAC在CKD患者中普遍伴发[1],可能与长期血管钙化、炎症、氧化应激、营养不良、感染等因素相关[2-4]。研究显示,在高血压患者及一般人群中,异常的ABI均与左室重量指数(LVMI)独立相关[5-6]。由于高血压、容量负荷过重、贫血、低蛋白血症、炎症等原因,左室肥厚(LVH)在CKD患者中常见,但对CKD患者中异常ABI和LVMI间相关性的研究很有限。为此,本研究探究了两者间是否存在独立相关性。

1 对象与方法

3 讨论

CKD患病率在全球范围内持续增长,而CVD是CKD最主要的并发症,并且是影响其预后的重要因素,约50% CKD患者最终死于CVD。研究显示ABI与心血管事件间呈现U型关系[8-9],对CKD中总病死率和心血管病死率也具有强烈预测性[8,10],但此种关联的具体机制尚不完全清楚。LVMI是衡量心肌重塑以及随后心衰程度的重要指标,心肌在发生肥厚之前,已有心肌硬化及LVMI的增加。应用简单、易行的早期指标对CKD患者中的CVD进行诊断,及早进行干预,对于改善预后至关重要。

PAD和LVH在CKD患者中高发[11-12],许多病理因素如压力负荷过重、肾性贫血、营养不良和炎症是导致CKD患者中动脉粥样硬化和血管僵硬度增加的主要原因[12-13]。本研究结果显示,在CKD患者中ABI低于正常时存在较高的LVH发生率且LVMI值也增加,并且在CKD患者中,低ABI与LVMI的增加独立相关,其可能的机制是动脉粥样硬化可导致下肢血流灌注降低和血管僵硬度增加,进而引起ABI降低和动脉弹性下降,最终可引发LVH[15-16]。相应地,LVH导致左室收缩和舒张功能失调以及心输出量下降,从而使得下肢血流灌注减少,导致PAD的发生和ABI降低。本研究结果也显示在CKD患者中,ABI高于正常时也存在较高的LVH发生率,且异常增高的ABI与LVMI的增加独立相关。ABI的异常增高往往被认为与血管中膜钙化(MAC)相关,多见于糖尿病或肾功能不全患者伴发下肢血管弥漫性钙化时[3,16]。MAC时ABI的异常增高主要是血管钙盐沉积导致动脉硬化以及左室肌重的增加,此种情况是一种非动脉粥样硬化途径[5]。至于动脉粥样硬化途径在ABI升高中是否发挥主导作用,尚待进一步研究。

本研究结果还显示出在CKD患者中,异常ABI者中糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、脑血管病以及脉压增宽、低蛋白血症、低的血细胞比容等是LVH的危险因素。进一步调整这些危险因素后,异常的ABI仍独立相关于LVMI的增加。

总之,本研究结果发现,CKD3~5期患者中过高或过低的ABI与LVMI的增加独立相关,在CKD患者中进行ABI的测定有助于心血管疾病的早期预测,从而及早使用ACEI/ARB及他汀类等药物进行临床干预,以达到最大限度地保护心脏、肾脏,从而改善患者短期和长期预后。

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(收稿日期:2013-11-22 本文编辑:任 念)