核转录因子、cMYC在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤亚型中的表达及意义

2014-06-27 17:51肖建波等
中国医药导报 2014年11期

肖建波等

[摘要] 目的 探讨不同亚型弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)组织中核转录因子κB (NF-κB)、原癌基因cMYC的表达及临床意义。 ABC-DLBCL 亚型,NF-κB、cMYC的表达与生存相关。在GCB-DLBCL亚型中,NF-κB和cMYC的阳性或阴性表达与总生存不相关。 结论 NF-κB、cMYC在ABC-DLBCL亚型表达率高于GCB-DLBCL亚型,同时可能是影响ABC-DLBCL亚型预后的不利因素。

[关键词] 非霍奇金淋巴瘤;弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤;核转录因子NF-κB

[中图分类号] R733.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)04(b)-0010-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical significance and expression of determination of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB), and cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (cMYC), in patients of different subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods The expressions of NF-κB and cMYC in diffuse large B cell lymphoma in 57 cases were detected by immunohistochemistry. And its relationship with clinical pathological characteristics was analyzed. Results The positive expression of NF-κB was related with international prognosis index (IPI) and pathological subtype, pathological subtype the positive expression of cMYC was related with pathological subtype. The expression of NF-κB in ABC-DLBCL was significantly higher than that in GCB-DLBCL, positive rate of pathological subtypepathological subtypeits expression in ABC-DLBCL, GCB-DLBCL tissues were 72.7%, 41.6% respectively, there was significant difference between two groups (P = 0.029). The expression of cMYC in ABC-DLBCL was significantly higher than that in GCB-DLBCL, its expression in ABC-DLBCL, GCB-DLBCL tissues were 66.7%, 54.4% respectively, there was statistical difference between two groups (P = 0.035). In ABC-DLBCL subtype, the expression of NF-κB and cMYC were related with overall survival. In GCB-DLBCL subtype, the expression of NF-κB and cMYC were not related with overall survival. Conclusion The expression of NF-κB and cMYC in ABC-DLBCL are significantly higher than those in GCB-DLBCL. In the same time, they may be adverse prognostic factors for ABC-DLBCL subtype.

[Key words] Non Hodgkin lymphoma; Diffuse large B cell lymphoma; NF-κB

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphomas,DLBCL)是非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)中最常见的一种亚型,占NHL的30%~40%,是一种异质性很强的疾病,在临床表现、组织形态和预后等多方面都具有很大差异。因此Alizadeh等[1]根据基因表达谱不同,将DLBCL分为生发中心型(germinal center B-cell-like,GCB)和活化B细胞型(activated B-cell-like,ABC)。但由于受技术条件的限制,基因芯片技术尚无法在临床中普遍应用。2004年Hans等[2]应用免疫组化的方法,通过检测淋巴瘤组织中CD10、BCL6和MUM1的表达情况进行分型,分为生发中心型(GCB)和非生发中心型(non-GCB,ABC)两个亚型。该免疫组化分型与基因芯片的分型结果具有较高的符合率,其中GCB型为71%,非GCB型为88%。在2008年WHO造血和淋巴组织肿瘤分类方案中,建议可用免疫组化方法对DLBCL进行分型。近年研究发现,DLBCL的两种亚型在预后上有很大差别,这与两种亚型的细胞遗传学不同有关,临床表现在蛋白表达不同。其中核转录因子κB(nuclear transcription factor κB,NF-κB)及原癌基因cMYC在DLBCL淋巴瘤的发生发展中起重要作用,本研究拟探讨NF-κB p65、cMYC在DLBCL不同亚型之间的表达情况及临床意义。endprint

1.2 免疫组化方法及阳性结果判定

患者淋巴结组织蜡块标本经10%中性福尔马林溶液固定,常规脱水,石蜡包埋,4 μm厚切片,切片常规脱蜡水化;0.3%H2O2阻断内源性过氧化物酶,10%小牛血清封闭切片,滴加一抗,4℃过夜。PBS洗后滴加广谱生物素化二抗(1∶200),SP复合物(1∶200),DAB显色,苏木精复染胞核,脱水,透明,封片。分别设相应的阳性、阴性、空白对照。NF-κB p65及cMYC的主要阳性染色部位在细胞核和细胞浆。NF-κB p65及cMYC阳性表达为棕黄色或棕褐色细小颗粒。用已知阳性片为阳性对照,所有病理标本切片用PBS液代替一抗作阴性对照。阳性反应为细胞浆内或细胞核内出现黄色或棕黄色颗粒。阳性反应为细胞浆内或细胞核内出现黄色或棕黄色颗粒,阳性反应细胞> 10%为阳性结果。

3 讨论

DLBCL是常见的NHL之一,尽管美罗华为基础的化疗方案在DLBCL中取得了很大成功,然而高危患者的预后仍然较差,尤其是在ABC亚型治疗效果不佳。在临床工作中,识别特殊患者进行规范的分层治疗,成为一个亟待解决的问题。

目前,IPI是公认的DLBCL的独立不良预后因素,IPI为3~5分患者预后明显差于0~2分患者,许多学者提出以此进行分层治疗,最近有文献报道NF-κB与IPI同为DLBCL的独立不良预后因素,NF-κB阳性表达预后差[3]。NF-κB是广泛存在于真核生物细胞内的一种可诱导的转录因子家族蛋白,与淋巴瘤的发生、发展密切相关。董佑红等[4]报道DLBCL患者组织中NF-κB的表达与IPI评分相关,本研究也发现了NF-κB在DLBCL组织中表达,NF-κB p65的表达率为59.6%,并且高IPI评分组NF-κB p65阳性表达率高,与报道相似,近而推测NF-κB表达很可能是影响DLBCL的一个不利因素。

研究发现NF-κB在DLBCL的不同亚型中,表达的临床意义不同,与ABC亚型预后不良有关[5]。Davis等[6]应用IκBα的特异性抑制剂阻断NF-κB通路后发现ABC亚型组的细胞出现快速的凋亡,而GCB亚型组细胞不受影响,提示NF-κB活化与ABC亚型DLBCL的增殖有关。孟伟等[7]报道NF-κB在ABC亚型中表达高于GCB型。NF-κB在ABC亚型DLBCL中的意义可能不同于GCB亚型。本研究NF-κB p65在ABC、GCB亚型组的表达率分别为72.7%、41.6%,ABC亚型表达率明显高于GCB亚型。生存分析发现,在ABC亚型DLBCL中,NF-κB p65阳性与阴性表达组的生存曲线明显不同,阳性组生存率低于阴性表组,差异有统计学意义。但在GCB亚型中,本研究并未观察到类似现象,提示NF-κB p65很可能是ABC亚型DLBCL的不利预后因素。

MYC基因是位于8q24的原癌基因,对细胞增殖、生长、分化、凋亡及促进新生血管形成等方面发挥重要作用[8]。许多国内外研究表明cMYC基因异常与NHL 的不良预后相关,MYC重排是独立于IPI的不良预后因子[6-9]。cMYC基因异常与DLBCL预后密切相关,可作为预测DLBCL的预后因素并指导治疗[9]。MYC基因重排是Burkitt淋巴瘤的特征,也发生在5%~10%的DLBCL患者中。近年来发现DLBCL患者的一个重要的危险因素是MYC易位,特别是它与BCL-2易位相连接时,预后极差。Johnson等[10]和Shimin等[11]研究发现,MYC蛋白在DLBCL的两种亚型中均有表达,当它与BCL-2共同表达时预后不佳,对标准的R-CHOP方案治疗效果差,MYC蛋白的高表达与易位相关。在DLBCL患者中,常有cMYC蛋白过表达的现象,Mossafa等[12]发现DLBCL患者中出现cMYC基因扩增,并且这些患者的预后较差。本研究也发现了cMYC在DLBCL中的表达,在ABC及GCB亚型中的表达率分别为66.7%、54.4%,差异有统计学意义。生存分析显示,在ABC亚型DLBCL中,cMYC表达阳性组与阴性组的生存曲线明显不同,阳性组生存率低于阴性组,差异有统计学意义。但在全部DLBCL及GCB亚型组并未观察到类似现象。MYC的负性预后作用在与BCL-2共表达患者中明显[10],MYC基因扩增与BCL-2基因扩增正相关,均为ABC型显著高于GCB型[13],BCL-2是NF-κB的重要靶基因,在ABC亚型中,常伴随NF-κB、BCL-2的过表达,由此推测在ABC亚型,cMYC的负性预后作用可能与NF-κB、BCL-2的表达有关,但仍需进一步研究证实。

本研究发现,NF-κB p65和cMYC在ABC亚型的表达率均高于GCB亚型,在ABC亚型,它们的阳性表达均与预后差相关,它们的临床意义有相似之处。既往研究发现ABC亚型DLBCL,许多基因上调,如MYC、BCL-2、cyclinD2等,Lim等[14]研究发现这些基因的上调可能与NF-κB在ABC亚型中不断激活有关。由此本研究推测NF-κB p65和cMYC可能在ABC亚型的发生、发展过程中存在一定联系,但其机制仍不清楚,需待进一步研究探讨。在ABC亚型,NF-κB p65、cMYC的表达与生存密切相关,有可能成为ABC亚型新的预后指标,需在临床工作中进一步研究证实。

[参考文献]

[1] Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling [J]. Nature,2000,403(6769):503-511.

[2] Hans CP,Weisenburger DD,Greiner TC,et al. Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray [J]. Blood,2004,103(1):275-282.endprint

[3] Bavi P, Uddin S, Bu R, et al. The biological and clinical impact of inhibition of NF-κB-initiated apoptosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL) [J]. J Pathol,2011, 224(3):355-366.

[4] 董佑红,伍钢,王涛,等.NF-κBp50和VEGF在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义[J].中华肿瘤防治杂志,2007,14(6):436-439.

[5] 王艳君,孟丹.bcl-2与NF-κB/p65在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤不同亚型中表达的意义[J].白血病·淋巴瘤,2009, 18(10):592-595

[6] Davis RE,Brown KD,Benlish U,et al. Constitutive nuclear factor-κB activity is required for survival of activated B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells[J]. J Exp Med,2001,194:1861-1874.

[7] 孟伟,石雨薇,顾霞.PKC-βⅡ、NF-κBp50在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中的表达及其意义[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2011,27(1):56-59.

[8] Kikuchia A, Nakamurab N, Kuze T. Characterization of de novo diffuse large B -cell lymphoma with a translocation of c- myc and immunoglobulin genes[J]. Leuk Res,2008,32:1176-1182.

[9] 何兰兰,严峰,刘德亮.bcl-6、p53、c-myc基因异常在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤中的临床意义[J].白血病·淋巴瘤,2013, 22(11):661-664.

[10] Johnson NA,Graham WS, Kerry J. Savage Concurrent Expression of MYC and BCL2 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone [J]. J Clin Oncol,2012,30:3452-3459.

[11] Shimin H, Zijun YX,Alexander T. MYC/BCL2 protein coexpression contributes to the inferior survival of activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and demonstrates high-risk gene expression signatures: a report from The International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program [J]. Blood,2013,121:4021-4031.

[12] Mossafa H,Damotte D,Jenabian A, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with Burkitt - like cells are associated with C-myc amplification and poor prognosis[J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2006,47:1885-1893.

[13] 梁艳,潘毅,房爱菊.弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤C-MYC基因异常分析[J].中国肿瘤临床,2013,40(9):513-516.

[14] Lim KH, Yang Y, Staudt LM. Pathogenetic importance and therapeutic implications of NF-κB in lymphoid malignancies [J]. Immunol Rev,2012,246(1):359-378.

(收稿日期:2013-11-26 本文编辑:卫 轲)endprint

[3] Bavi P, Uddin S, Bu R, et al. The biological and clinical impact of inhibition of NF-κB-initiated apoptosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL) [J]. J Pathol,2011, 224(3):355-366.

[4] 董佑红,伍钢,王涛,等.NF-κBp50和VEGF在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义[J].中华肿瘤防治杂志,2007,14(6):436-439.

[5] 王艳君,孟丹.bcl-2与NF-κB/p65在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤不同亚型中表达的意义[J].白血病·淋巴瘤,2009, 18(10):592-595

[6] Davis RE,Brown KD,Benlish U,et al. Constitutive nuclear factor-κB activity is required for survival of activated B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells[J]. J Exp Med,2001,194:1861-1874.

[7] 孟伟,石雨薇,顾霞.PKC-βⅡ、NF-κBp50在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中的表达及其意义[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2011,27(1):56-59.

[8] Kikuchia A, Nakamurab N, Kuze T. Characterization of de novo diffuse large B -cell lymphoma with a translocation of c- myc and immunoglobulin genes[J]. Leuk Res,2008,32:1176-1182.

[9] 何兰兰,严峰,刘德亮.bcl-6、p53、c-myc基因异常在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤中的临床意义[J].白血病·淋巴瘤,2013, 22(11):661-664.

[10] Johnson NA,Graham WS, Kerry J. Savage Concurrent Expression of MYC and BCL2 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone [J]. J Clin Oncol,2012,30:3452-3459.

[11] Shimin H, Zijun YX,Alexander T. MYC/BCL2 protein coexpression contributes to the inferior survival of activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and demonstrates high-risk gene expression signatures: a report from The International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program [J]. Blood,2013,121:4021-4031.

[12] Mossafa H,Damotte D,Jenabian A, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with Burkitt - like cells are associated with C-myc amplification and poor prognosis[J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2006,47:1885-1893.

[13] 梁艳,潘毅,房爱菊.弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤C-MYC基因异常分析[J].中国肿瘤临床,2013,40(9):513-516.

[14] Lim KH, Yang Y, Staudt LM. Pathogenetic importance and therapeutic implications of NF-κB in lymphoid malignancies [J]. Immunol Rev,2012,246(1):359-378.

(收稿日期:2013-11-26 本文编辑:卫 轲)endprint

[3] Bavi P, Uddin S, Bu R, et al. The biological and clinical impact of inhibition of NF-κB-initiated apoptosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL) [J]. J Pathol,2011, 224(3):355-366.

[4] 董佑红,伍钢,王涛,等.NF-κBp50和VEGF在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义[J].中华肿瘤防治杂志,2007,14(6):436-439.

[5] 王艳君,孟丹.bcl-2与NF-κB/p65在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤不同亚型中表达的意义[J].白血病·淋巴瘤,2009, 18(10):592-595

[6] Davis RE,Brown KD,Benlish U,et al. Constitutive nuclear factor-κB activity is required for survival of activated B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells[J]. J Exp Med,2001,194:1861-1874.

[7] 孟伟,石雨薇,顾霞.PKC-βⅡ、NF-κBp50在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中的表达及其意义[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2011,27(1):56-59.

[8] Kikuchia A, Nakamurab N, Kuze T. Characterization of de novo diffuse large B -cell lymphoma with a translocation of c- myc and immunoglobulin genes[J]. Leuk Res,2008,32:1176-1182.

[9] 何兰兰,严峰,刘德亮.bcl-6、p53、c-myc基因异常在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤中的临床意义[J].白血病·淋巴瘤,2013, 22(11):661-664.

[10] Johnson NA,Graham WS, Kerry J. Savage Concurrent Expression of MYC and BCL2 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone [J]. J Clin Oncol,2012,30:3452-3459.

[11] Shimin H, Zijun YX,Alexander T. MYC/BCL2 protein coexpression contributes to the inferior survival of activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and demonstrates high-risk gene expression signatures: a report from The International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program [J]. Blood,2013,121:4021-4031.

[12] Mossafa H,Damotte D,Jenabian A, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with Burkitt - like cells are associated with C-myc amplification and poor prognosis[J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2006,47:1885-1893.

[13] 梁艳,潘毅,房爱菊.弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤C-MYC基因异常分析[J].中国肿瘤临床,2013,40(9):513-516.

[14] Lim KH, Yang Y, Staudt LM. Pathogenetic importance and therapeutic implications of NF-κB in lymphoid malignancies [J]. Immunol Rev,2012,246(1):359-378.

(收稿日期:2013-11-26 本文编辑:卫 轲)endprint