张龙方,韩全利,邵芙玲,陈 英,李冬莉,于元妹,姚克纯*
经腹超声联合肠镜检查在老年人缺血性肠病诊断及治疗中的应用
张龙方1,韩全利2,邵芙玲3,陈 英2,李冬莉1,于元妹1,姚克纯1*
(解放军空军总医院:1超声科,2干部病房,3保健办,北京 100042)
探讨老年缺血性肠病的超声声像图特征及其临床应用价值。对2007年10月至2012年10月解放军空军总医院门、急诊及住院治疗的23例急性腹痛、便血老年患者先行经腹肠道超声检查,并结合临床及肠镜所见分析其声像图特征。全部病例均经结肠镜和临床证实,超声定位符合率82.6%(19/23),其中病变累及左半结肠12例(占52.2%),降结肠5例(占21.7%),乙状结肠3例(占13.0%),脾曲3例(占13.0%)。肠壁增厚0.61~1.91cm,病变累及范围10~19cm,病变肠壁呈均匀性及全周性增厚,正常肠壁结构层次模糊或消失,代之以不规则的低回声,受累肠腔稍变窄,肠壁蠕动不同程度减弱或消失。8例腹腔可见少量积液。9例于腹腔腹膜后区可见稍大淋巴结(长径>0.6cm)。12例病变肠壁无明显血流显像,11例仅见稀疏点、短条状血流信号。经腹肠道超声有助于缺血性肠病的早期诊断,联合肠镜能明确病变的性质、部位、范围,对临床治疗具有指导意义。
老年人;缺血性肠病;超声检查
缺血性肠病主要的病理基础是局部血管改变、血流量不足或血液的高凝状态[1]。老年人的常见疾病如心力衰竭、心律失常、心房颤动、各种原因所致的休克、机械性肠梗阻等是其危险因素[2]。随着人口老龄化,发病率逐年增加。早期误诊率和漏诊率高,一旦错过最佳治疗时机,极易发展成肠坏死、多器官功能衰竭,病死率高[3,4]。诊治的关键在于早期明确诊断。超声检查由于无创、方便、可动态观察病情的演变,已成为临床老年急腹症患者首选影像学检查方法之一。本文分析了解放军空军总医院经肠镜、临床证实的23例老年缺血性肠病患者的超声声像图特征,旨在探讨超声联合肠镜检查在老年缺血性肠病诊治中的应用价值,使患者尽早得到正确的诊断和及时的治疗。
2007年10月至2012年10月间在门、急诊及住院治疗的23例老年缺血性肠病患者,其中男性19例,女性4例,年龄62~88(67.0±6.9)岁,主因突发腹部疼痛或绞痛、便血等急腹症状首先行超声检查后经电子肠镜及临床证实为非坏疽性缺血性肠病。
使用ATL HDI 5000 Sono CT、PHILPS IU22超声诊断仪,C5~2凸阵探头,频率3~5MHz,L12~5线阵探头,频率5~12MHz。肠壁的厚度测量自高回声的浆膜面测至肠腔与黏膜的高回声界面,肠壁厚度>0.3cm判断为肠壁增厚,肠管均匀性、全周性增厚指受累肠段环绕肠管周径的均匀性增厚,不规则、偏心性增厚定为不均匀增厚。患者取平卧位或适当体位,采用凸、线阵探头直接扫查法,在可疑区沿肠管纵、横断面连续扫查,对体胖、肠道气体较多而影响图像质量者,检查时通过适当加压探头减少感兴趣区肠道内的气体,必要时通过肠道准备来提高图像质量。重点观察病变肠管的位置、累及范围、肠壁层次结构回声的变化、壁内有无血流信号及与周围组织关系等,并注意观察腹腔有无积液、有无肿大淋巴结。同时随机存储图像以便与内镜对照。
所有肠镜检查均由专人小心操作,防止黏膜机械性擦伤,以进镜时观察为主,以结肠镜达回盲部为成功。所用肠镜型号为奥林巴斯CF-H260AI。
23例患者均以腹痛为首发症状,发病时间2h至2周,腹痛程度轻重不等,呈局限性或弥漫性,定位不确切,20例伴有不同程度的恶心、呕吐、腹胀、腹泻、便血等胃肠道症状。其中急性腹痛(病程<8h)14例(60.9%),隐痛及餐后腹痛9例(39.1%)。23例患者中均伴有不同程度的老年基础疾病,其中高血压合并冠心病14例,老年性退行瓣膜病8例,糖尿病6例,心律失常、心房颤动3例,肝硬化1例。
19例在内镜检查前经超声检查提示的病变肠管部位与肠镜结果对照,符合率达82.6%。病变累及左半结肠12例(占52.2%),降结肠5例(占21.7%),乙状结肠3例(占13.0%),脾曲3例(占13.0%)。
病变肠壁水肿增厚,呈均匀性、全周性增厚,正常肠壁结构层次模糊或消失,代之以回声分布欠均的低回声,受累肠腔变窄(图1),肠壁蠕动减弱或消失。肠壁增厚0.61~1.91cm,病变累及范围10~19cm,其中8例于肠管间可见少量腹腔积液。9例于腹腔腹膜后区可见稍大淋巴结(长径>0.6cm)。肠壁的彩色多普勒表现:12例病变肠壁无明显血流显像,11例仅见稀疏点、短条状血流信号(图2)。
图1 缺血性肠病患者增厚的肠壁灰阶超声表现
Figure 1 Gray scale ultrasound picture of thick colon wall in patient with ischemic bowel disease
The left colon walls are symmetrically and circumferentially thickened,with mucosa and submucosa most obviously. The normal layers of colon wall are still clear
图2 缺血性肠病患者增厚的肠壁彩色多普勒血流显像
Figure 2 Color Doppler flow imaging of thick colon wall in patient with ischemic bowel disease
Sparsely dotty or short striplike blood flow signal in colon walls
肠镜下见病变区与正常肠黏膜分界清晰。病变区域黏膜充血水肿、糜烂、点状及斑片状出血,呈节段性。在充血水肿的黏膜上有散在或片状糜烂伴大小形态不同的溃疡形成(图3),溃疡为纵行、环形或不规则形,表面有白苔附着,病变部位黏膜增厚,部分伴管腔狭窄。
图3 缺血性肠病的肠镜检查
Figure 3 Enteroscopy of ischemic bowel disease
Mucosal hyperemia, edema and erosion in the lesion, accompanied with dotty and patchy hemorrhage
缺血性肠病是由于各种原因引起肠壁血液减少所致的肠壁缺血性疾病,好发于老年人,本组平均年龄为67岁,主要累及结肠,根据发病情况和病变范围分为急性肠系膜缺血、慢性肠系膜缺血和缺血性结肠炎。其临床表现常因病变部位、程度及侧支循环形成的不同而呈现多样化,包括不需药物治疗的轻度局限性病变到需要手术治疗甚至导致死亡的透壁结肠坏死[3],本组23例病变多累及左半结肠(占52.2%)。临床以腹痛为首发症状,伴有不同程度的恶心、呕吐、腹胀、腹泻、便血等胃肠道症状。开始腹痛剧烈但定位不明确,后转为持续隐痛或钝痛伴阵发性加重,程度较胃肠炎重,但呕吐、腹泻后症状无缓解,随着病情的发展逐渐定位到受累肠管,多为左侧腹腔或左下腹。
肠管是蠕动的器官,其厚度受充盈状态等多种因素影响,且肠道气体较多,肠壁增厚在腹部超声检查中易被忽视,漏诊率高。本组23例缺血性肠病声像图直接征象为肠壁增厚,增厚肠壁的厚度均>0.5cm,呈均匀性、全周性增厚,累及病变范围多>10cm,层次结构多不清晰,彩色多普勒血流显像示增厚的肠壁内仅见点状或短条状的稀疏血流信号或无血流信号。间接征象为邻近肠管间或下腹部可见少量腹水及腹腔、腹膜后肿大的淋巴结。因此,对于临床老年急腹症患者,如经腹肠道超声检查发现上述征象,同时结合临床表现及既往病史,超声检查可高度提示缺血性肠病,从而给临床提供重要的影像学信息。但需与其他引起肠壁增厚的疾病相鉴别:(1)肠道肿瘤,超声表现为肠壁不规则、不均匀的增厚,肠腔偏心性狭窄,壁间有较多彩色血流信号;(2)炎症性肠病,主要包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎,超声表现为肠壁节段性或局限性增厚,以黏膜层为主,肠壁间彩色血流丰富,多见于青壮年,常反复发作,病变多位于直肠及乙状结肠,而缺血性肠病老年人多发,病变不累及直肠[5]。
老年缺血性肠病患者常因急腹症就诊于门、急诊,超声检查常是首选影像学检查方法之一。因此,在临床工作中,对老年急腹症患者如出现不明原因的突发腹痛、血便、腹泻等症状,超声科医师要考虑该病的可能。缺血性肠病的诊断主要依据临床症状、实验室和影像学检查等。选择性腹腔动脉造影是诊断缺血性肠病的“金标准”,但由于其创伤性,不宜作为筛选诊断的手段。腹部X线平片无特异性,CT已经较多地用于缺血性肠病的诊断及鉴别诊断,但并不适用于疾病的早期阶段[6],磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)一般不作为急诊的检查方法。也有学者认为临床症状、结肠镜检查加上肠黏膜活检病理是诊断慢性缺血性结肠炎的金标准[7]。比较而言,经腹肠道超声作为一种实时、无创、准确、价廉的检查方法,能为临床提供更多的影像信息而日益受到重视。尽管起步相对较晚,且易受肠气干扰,但随着超声诊断技术的发展,其可作为肠道疾病诊断及随访的影像检查方法之一[8,9],且其定位受累肠段的敏感度优于MRI[10−12]。
本研究结果表明,超声检查无创、简便、易行且不受年龄及病情限制,可床边检查,基层医院及社区普及率高,结肠位置相对固定,是筛查、发现老年缺血性肠病的重要手段,经腹肠道超声能提示肠管病变的部位、增厚程度及范围,肠管蠕动情况,但易受气体等干扰,因此若能结合内镜检查及临床表现,有助于老年缺血性肠病的诊断。此外,超声检查也能提供肠外表现如腹腔积液等信息,并与其他急腹症相鉴别。其次,超声检查能够实时、动态随访观察病情,判断肠壁缺血程度,为临床准确判断病情发展和及时选择治疗方法提供参考。
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(编辑: 张青山)
Transabdominal ultrasonography combined with endoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of elderly ischemic bowel disease
ZHANG Long-Fang1, HAN Quan-Li2, SHAO Fu-Ling3, CHEN Ying2, LI Dong-Li1, YU Yuan-Mei1, YAO Ke-Chun1*
(1Department of Ultrasonography,2Cadre’s Ward,3Health Care Office, Air Force General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100142, China)
To investigate the ultrasound image features of ischemic bowel disease(IBD) in the elderly and evaluate their significance in clinical practice.Transabdominal ultrasonography was performed in 23 elderly out- and in-patients who were admitted to our hospital due to acute abdominal pain and hematochezia from October 2007 to October 2012. The ultrasound images were analyzed along with clinical manifestations and endoscopic findings.Diagnosis of IBD was confirmed in all cases by endoscopy and clinical manifestations. While, transabdominal ultrasonography established the diagnosis with an accuracy of 82.6% (19/23). Ischemic lesions were identified in the left side of colon in 12 patients (52.2%), on the descending colon in 5 patients (21.7%), on the sigmoid colon in 3 patients (13.0%), and on the splenic flexure colon in 3 patients (13.0%). The thickness of colon wall was increased to 0.61 to 1.91cm. The length of involvement part ranged form 10 to 19cm. The involved colon was symmetrically and circumferentially thickened, and the normal structure of colon wall became unclear or disappeared, as irregular hypoechoic areas in the ultrasound images. The involved colon became slightly narrow in cavity, resulting in slowed or disappeared peristalsis. There was a little fluid sonolucent area in 8 patients, and swelled lymph nodes (>0.6cm) in the retroperitoneal area in 9 patients. There were 12 patients without obvious blood flow signals, and 11 patients with only sparsely dotty or short strip-like blood flow signals.Transabdominal ultrasonography is beneficial to the early diagnosis of IBD. It clarifies the nature, location, and area of the lesions when combined with endoscopy, and has instructive value for clinical treatment.
aged; ischemic bowel disease; ultrasonography
R445.1; R592
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2014.00009
2013−08−26;
2013−10−13
姚克纯, E-mail: yaokc_us@sina.com