李家开,于 淼,聂永康,陈博昶,梁 风,张金山
1解放军总医院 放射科,北京 100853;2武警北京总队第三医院 放射科,北京 100141
临床研究
肺恶性肿瘤射频消融术后系列CT评估
李家开1,于 淼1,聂永康1,陈博昶2,梁 风2,张金山1
1解放军总医院 放射科,北京 100853;2武警北京总队第三医院 放射科,北京 100141
目的探讨肺恶性肿瘤射频消融术后系列CT表现,提高CT判断肺肿瘤射频消融疗效的价值。方法对2008年3月-2011年12月解放军总医院收治的28例肺恶性肿瘤患者共34个病灶进行了CT引导下经皮射频消融术,其中原发性肺癌20例21个病灶,转移性肺癌8例13个病灶,病灶最大径1.5 ~ 5.0 cm,平均3.6 cm。所有患者射频消融术后即刻、1个月、3个月、6个月行胸部螺旋CT扫描,6个月后每6个月重复CT扫描1次。将患者分为完全消融组(A组)和不完全消融或术后复发组(B组),分析两组系列CT表现。结果术后即刻:A组病灶普遍性密度减低,轮廓模糊,周围见完整磨玻璃密度围绕,增强扫描无强化。术后1 ~ 3个月:A组表现为边缘清晰的类圆形均匀密度影,体积可大于治疗前,增强扫描无强化;B组无特异性。术后3 ~ 6个月:A组消融灶较前不同程度缩小,增强扫描不强化或边缘轻微强化。术后6个月以上:A组消融灶逐渐缩小,呈不规则条带或索条影,可轻微均匀强化。B组病灶随时间延长逐渐增大,或表现为缩小后再次增大,形态不规则,增强扫描明显不均匀强化。结论肺癌射频消融术6个月以后,CT显示病灶逐渐缩小,增强扫描无强化或轻微均匀强化是完全消融的可靠征象。而病灶逐渐增大或缩小后再次增大以及明显不均匀强化提示不完全消融或复发。
肺肿瘤;射频消融;CT影像
影像导引下微创消融术,特别是射频消融术(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)已经成为早期原发性肺癌和部分转移性肿瘤的有效治疗技术,是不能耐受外科手术患者的有效替代治疗方法[1-7]。因为RFA采用热能对肿瘤进行原位灭活,不能像外科切除那样对标本进行组织病理学观察以评价手术边缘是否有肿瘤残留,其疗效的判断主要依赖影像学方法。目前,CT仍然是可靠的术后疗效评价手段[8-9]。然而,肺恶性肿瘤射频消融术后的CT表现异常复杂,不同检查时间的影像学表现差异很大,如何从CT表现判断肿瘤完全消融坏死与否仍是影像医师的挑战之一。本文动态分析了28例34个肺恶性肿瘤射频消融术后的系列CT影像学表现,旨在提高对射频消融术后CT征象的认识,准确判断疗效,及时诊断术后肿瘤残留或复发。
1 一般资料 2008年3月- 2011年12月,对解放军总医院收治的28例肺恶性肿瘤患者共34个病灶进行了CT引导下射频消融治疗。男18例,女10例,年龄35 ~ 82岁,中位年龄66.5岁。其中原发性肺癌20例21个病灶,根据最新TNM分期,Ⅰ期8例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期5例,Ⅳ期3例。转移性肺癌8例13个病灶,原发肿瘤:肝癌3例、直肠癌2例、肾癌2例、肝血管肉瘤1例。病灶最大径0.6 ~ 10 cm,平均2.5 cm。
2 治疗方法 使用Celon双极/多极射频系统进行消融,电极针为直径15G直针,针的远端活性电极长度分为2 cm、3 cm和4 cm 3种型号,分别称之为T20、T30、和T40电极针。采用Philips公司的大孔径CT扫描仪Brilliance Big Bore引导,采用5 mm层厚连续扫描,根据需要进行1.5 mm重建,管电压120 kV,管电流100 mA,扫描过程无需屏气。根据病灶位置选择穿刺进针点,原则是避开大血管和纵隔重要脏器、尽量减少穿刺路径深度、电极针与病灶长径平行、舒适患者和方便操作等。局麻下插入射频电极针,靶区扫描判断针位置并调整到最佳。在心电监护下进行消融。消融效能的判断由消融功率和累计消融能量控制。根据病灶的大小,选择电极针的类型、数目,并相应设定不同的消融功率和消融能量。一般原则见表1。
3 CT随访分析 所有患者射频消融术后即刻或1 d内进行全胸CT平扫和(或)增强扫描。1个月后复查,进行CT双期增强扫描。以后每3 ~ 6个月复查CT平扫或增强扫描。所用CT扫描仪包括GE公司的LightSpeed VCT或Lightspeed 16,Siemens 公司的Emotion 16、Sensation Cardiac 64或Somatom Definition,以及Philips公司的Brilliance Big Bore或iCT 256。螺旋扫描,常规扫描层厚5 mm,间隔5 mm,并行1.25 mm或1.5 mm层厚肺窗重建。管电压120 ~ 130 kV,管电流150 ~ 230 mA或使用自动毫安技术。增强扫描术前6 h禁食,造影剂选用300 ~ 350 mgI/ml的安射力、尤维显或碘海醇,采用高压注射器经肘前静脉团注,总量90 ml,注射速率3.5 ml/s,延迟30 s和90 s双期扫描。图像传输PACS系统,由3位以上有经验的放射科医师集体阅片达成一致意见。
4 分组 根据术后CT形态学表现和增强扫描强化方式将患者分为完全消融组和不完全消融组。完全消融标准:随访>12个月,病灶逐渐缩小,系列动态CT增强扫描病灶无异常强化或PET-CT呈低代谢,其他临床检查无肿瘤进展依据。不完全消融或术后复发标准:随访其间病灶逐渐增大,CT增强扫描显示部分或不均匀异常强化或PETCT呈高代谢,临床其他表示肿瘤进展的指标异常。对两组的系列CT随访图像进行分析,观察射频消融术后病变大小、形态、密度、强化特点等CT征象的动态变化。
表1 不同大小病灶射频消融参数Tab. 1 Radiofrequency ablation parameters of different lesion size
1 治疗及随访情况 所有患者均顺利完成治疗,无严重并发症发生。操作相关并发症:气胸5例,肺内出血4例,少量胸腔积液3例,均无需特殊处理。随访时间8 ~ 54个月,中位随访时间15.5个月。28例34个消融治疗灶中,完全消融20个病灶(58.8%,20/34),不完全消融或复发5个病灶(14.7%,5/34),原发性肿瘤与转移瘤无明显差异。8例9个病灶失访(26.5%,9/34),其中原发性肺癌7例7个病灶,肺转移瘤1例2个病灶。
2 完全消融组系列CT表现 术后即刻:病灶密度较术前稍减低,轮廓不同程度塌陷或形态失去完整性,边缘欠清晰,周围围绕厚薄不一的磨玻璃密度带,双期增强扫描无明显异常强化。术后1 ~3个月:病灶周围磨玻璃密度影吸收消散,消融灶呈类圆形均匀软组织密度,最大径较术前增大5 ~10 mm,边缘光滑,与正常肺组织分界清晰,原发性肺癌治疗前的分叶、毛刺等征象消失。3例病灶内出现空洞或空腔,1例为中央性,2例为偏心性。增强扫描病灶双期均无强化。术后3 ~ 6个月:20个完全消融病灶中,13个病灶逐渐缩小,边缘内陷皱缩,7个病灶大小形态相对稳定,与术后3个月内CT表现相仿。增强扫描无强化或轻微均匀强化,与平扫相比,增强后CT值升高均<5 Hu。术后6个月以上:所有消融灶均随时间延长逐渐缩小,边缘内陷,呈不规则条带样,最终呈相对稳定的纤维条索,邻近胸膜可出现局限增厚和纤维化粘连,双期增强扫描无强化或可疑轻微强化,与平扫比较同一部位相同大小ROI的CT值升高均<5 Hu(图1)。
图 1 1例患者肝癌右上肺转移射频消融治疗后完全消融(CT) A: 右上肺前段胸骨旁肺转移瘤(箭头); B: 射频电极针插入病灶; C: 射频消融后即刻CT扫描显示消融灶较消融前病灶增大,周围见磨玻璃密度影围绕; D: 术后3个月,消融灶较术前病灶大; E: 术后1年,消融灶明显缩小,呈条带样纤维条索;F: 术后2年4个月,消融灶进一步缩小Fig. 1 Complete ab lation of right upper pulmonary lobe metastasis from hepatocellu lar carcinoma A: A metastasis lesion located in the anterior segment of right upper lobe (arrow);B: RF need le within the lesion; C: Imm ediate CT scan show ing en largement of the lesion com pared with p reab lation and the GGO enclosed the lesion; D: 3 m on ths later, ablation focus was larger than pre-ablation; E: 1 year after ablation, the lesion decreased obviously in size and d isp layed as stripes; F: 2 years and 4 m onths after ablation, the ablation size got even sm aller
图 2 1例肝癌右上肺转移瘤治疗后不完全消融(CT) A: 术前右上肺转移瘤; B: 术中,射频电极针插入病灶; C: 术后即刻,显示病灶周围磨玻璃密度灶围绕; D: 术后1个月,消融灶周围磨玻璃影吸收,病灶大小与术后即刻CT片相仿,但较术前稍增大,不能判定肿瘤是否消融完全; E: 术后3个月,与术后1个月片比较,消融灶增大,边缘不规则,增强扫描边缘不均匀强化(箭头),提示肿瘤复发; F: 术后8个月,病灶逐渐增大,形态不规则,增强扫描不均匀明显强化(箭头),肿瘤复发Fig. 2 Incomplete ablation of right upper pu lmonary lobe metastasis A: Pre-treatment; B: RF need le within the lesion during operation; C: post-operation immediately, it showed that the GGO went around the lesion; D: 1 month after operation, it showed that the GGO absorbed, the lesion size was sim ilar to Fig C and larger than pre-operation. It was d iff cult to judge whether it was comp lete ab lation or not; E: 3 m on ths after operation, the ab lation focus en larged than 1 m on th postop eration with ir regu lar m argin and per ipheral nonhom ogeneous enhancem en t (ar row), w h ich im p lied the recurrence; F: 8 m onths post-operation, the lesion gradually en larged with ir regu lar shape and the obvious nonhomogeneous enhancement show ing on contrast CT scan (arrow), which conformed to the recurrence
3 不完全消融或复发组系列CT表现 术后即刻:与术前比较,病灶部分或全部密度稍减低,病灶形态无变化或不规则内陷,边缘模糊,病灶周围完全或部分围绕磨玻璃密度带,增强扫描无明显异常强化或部分不均匀强化。术后1 ~ 3个月:所有病灶周围磨玻璃密度带吸收消散,消融灶大小、形态同术前相仿或稍增大,增强扫描不均匀强化,也可无明显异常强化。术后3 ~ 6个月:病灶增大,增强扫描不均匀强化,病灶大小相仿或略缩小,增强扫描无明显强化,均为术后局部复发。术后6个月以上:随时间延长,病灶逐渐增大,增强扫描不均匀强化(图2)。
射频消融是利用一定频率的射频电流导致局部组织的粒子振动摩擦产热,对肿瘤局部进行热消融,造成肿瘤组织热凝固坏死而达到灭活肿瘤细胞的治疗效果。治疗效果受到射频功率、热能量聚集、射频电极针性能、组织特性等多种因素影响。使消融灶完全覆盖肿瘤组织是确保肿瘤完全灭活的基本保证。目前,胸部CT扫描和PET是肺恶性肿瘤射频消融术后疗效评估的常用的可靠手段[4,10-11]。PET判断肿瘤活性的敏感性较高,但特异性和准确度不理想,而且图像空间分辨率不高,目前还不能作为常规手段用于肺癌射频消融术后的疗效判断。CT扫描简单易行,是肺部病变的优良检诊设备。然而,射频消融治疗后CT表现复杂多变,不熟悉射频治疗原理的影像学医师往往对其表现认识不足,可能只拘于形态学的描述,甚至只简单与治疗前进行大小的比较,不能客观准确评价疗效。正确解释各种CT征象的病理基础,对准确判断肿瘤的灭活效果具有重要的临床意义。
本研究通过动态分析比较,术后即刻CT检查的主要目的是了解有无手术相关并发症及其严重程度。单从形态学很难准确判断肿瘤灭活情况,但以下征象有助于提示肿瘤完全灭活:与术前比较病灶密度普遍完全减低、边缘模糊、病灶周围见完整的磨玻璃密度渗出影围绕(包裹征)、与术前比较增强扫描病灶无强化。完全消融和不完全消融术后1 ~ 3个月的CT表现无特异性。如消融范围大于病灶,此时所见病灶的体积会大于术前,所以不能单纯依大小评估疗效。对于原发性肺癌,治疗前病灶的特征CT表现,诸如分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征等恶性征象消失,代之以类圆形边缘光整且无明显强化的均匀软组织密度灶,可提示肿瘤完全灭活。但对于转移性肿瘤,此时很难确定肿瘤是否完全消融。术后3 ~ 6个月CT表现也多种多样,与此前CT表现相比,完全消融组病灶大小相对稳定或缩小,而不完全消融组病灶可不对称局限性增大,也可相对稳定。文献报道增强扫描病灶无强化是判断肿瘤完全消融的可靠征象[8]。而本研究中,完全消融组此期也可以表现为轻微强化,尤其病灶边缘相对明显,增强幅度较小,双期增强扫描变化不明显。可能与消融灶周围纤维组织增生或慢性炎性反应有关,与不完全消融和肿瘤复发不同,后者表现为不均匀或结节样强化,强化幅度较大。消融6个月以后,完全消融的病灶,逐渐缩小,边缘内陷,呈不规则结节、条带或索条影,增强扫描无强化或轻微增强,可能系增生纤维组织所致。不完全消融或复发者,表现病灶逐渐不均匀增大,有些病灶在部分缩小后再次增大,轮廓不规则,可呈结节样突出,增强扫描异常强化。
综上所述,肺恶性肿瘤射频消融术后的CT表现多种多样,可提示肿瘤完全消融的征象:术后即刻整个病灶普遍性密度减低,轮廓模糊,周围见完整的“包裹”征,增强扫描无强化,术后1 ~6个月表现为边缘清晰的类圆形均匀密度影,体积可大于治疗前,增强扫描无强化或边缘轻微强化,6个月以后消融灶逐渐缩小,呈不规则条带或索条影,可轻微均匀强化。不完全消融或复发的CT表现,术后3个月前缺乏特征性,3 ~ 6个月表现为病灶逐渐不对称增大,或在缩小的基础上再次增大,增强扫描明显不均匀强化。但术后至少随访6个月才能比较准确地判断肿瘤是否完全消融。如何更早地判断射频消融效果尚有待进一步研究。
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Lung malignancies treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: evaluation with follow-up CT
LI Jia-kai1, YU M iao1, NIE Yong-kang1, CHEN Bo-chang2, LIANG Feng2, ZHANG Jin-shan1
1Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;2Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Beijing A rmed Police Forces, Beijing 100141, China
The frst author: LI Jia-kai. Email: lijiakai2004@aliyun.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the follow-up CT fndings of pulmonary neop lasm s after treatment with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and im prove the value of CT in estimating the eff cacy of RFA in treatment of malignant lung tumor.MethodsThirty-four pulmonary neop lasm s in 28 patients adm itted to our hospital from M arch 2008 to December 2011 underw ent percutaneous CT-guided RFA. Tw enty-one neoplasms in 20 patients were primary lung cancer and 13 tumors in 8 patients w ere metastases. The mean pretreatment tumor maximal diameter w as 3.6 cm (range, 1.5-5.0 cm). A ll patients underwent follow-up contrast-enhanced helical CT scan immediately, 1, 3, 6 months later, and then every 6 months, after undergoing RFA. Patients were divided into two groups, the com plete ablation group (Group A) and the incomp lete ablation or recurrence group (Group B). The serial CT appearance and its evolution were assessed on follow-up CT.ResultsThe main CT findings of Group A w ere as follow s: 1.The tumor density decreased generally with a blurred boundary and an enveloped ground-glass opacity surrounding tumor, and no enhancement show ed on immediate post-treatment CT. 2. The ablated area appeared as a demarcated oval homogeneous unenhanced solid lesion on the CT obtained 1-3 months after treatment. The lesion size m ight become slightly larger compared with pre-treatment. 3. From 3 to 6 months after treatment, the lesion size decreased variably without or with slight periphery enhancement. 4. The treated lesion size gradually decreased after the 6-month follow-up CT examination and generally show ed as an irregular line or strip seldom with slight enhancement. In Group B, there w ere no typical fndings indicating whether the tumor w as incom plete ablation com pared with that of the com plete ablation on the early follow-up CT scans. How ever, 3 months later, the ablated lesions gradually increased or grew again after previous shrank with various degrees of inhomogeneous enhancement.ConclusionThe gradual decrease of lesion size with or without slight homogeneous enhancement on beyond 6-month follow-up CT examination indicates the com plete ablation.On the contrary, the gradual increase or enlarging again follow ing the previous decrease with strong inhomogeneous enhancement imp lies the incom plete ablation or recurrence.
lung neop lasms; radiofrequency ablation; CT imaging
R 730.59
A
2095-5227(2014)08-0816-05
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.08.011
2014-04-11 08:52
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140411.0852.003.html
2013-12-09
李家开,男,博士,副主任医师。研究方向:影像诊断与介入治疗。Email: lijiakai2004@aliyun.com