伍 力,吴 飞,黎 俊,崔志杰,王利剑,李铁军,印遇龙
(湖南省畜禽健康养殖工程技术研究中心,中国科学院亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室,中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,湖南 长沙 410125)
专题论述
呕吐毒素对母猪的影响研究进展
伍 力,吴 飞,黎 俊,崔志杰,王利剑,李铁军*,印遇龙
(湖南省畜禽健康养殖工程技术研究中心,中国科学院亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室,中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,湖南 长沙 410125)
呕吐毒素是饲料中检出率和超标率最高的一种真菌毒素,对饲料生产和动物健康养殖均产生较大影响。论文围绕呕吐毒素的毒理学机制,从母猪生长发育、免疫功能、繁殖性能和遗传特性等四个方面予以综述,为母猪健康养殖提供参考。
呕吐毒素; 免疫; 繁殖性能;遗传
脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇被俗称为呕吐毒素,是由镰刀菌产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物。谷类作物在生长、收割、仓储、加工、运输、销售等诸多环节均可能发生霉变[1],因此呕吐毒素广泛存在。呕吐毒素是最常见的一种污染粮食、饲料和食品的一种霉菌毒素。这一方面造成饲料工业的巨大经济损失;另一方面,毒素导致畜禽食欲废绝、发育受阻、代谢紊乱、免疫失调,造成母畜不孕、孕畜流产,胎儿异常等繁殖性能障碍,对畜牧业造成严重破坏[2]。鉴于母猪饲养对养殖业的重要性和呕吐毒素对母猪的严重影响,本文从呕吐毒素对母猪发育、免疫功能、繁殖性能和遗传特性等四个方面的影响入手,对近几年的所取得的一系列研究成果进行总结。
低剂量的呕吐毒素长期暴露,能导致畜禽生长迟缓、体重减轻、厌食和代谢紊乱等毒性症状。不同种属的动物对呕吐毒素的敏感性不同,猪对呕吐毒素最敏感,尤其是母猪[3]。这可能与呕吐毒素在体内代谢途径、肠道微生物的作用有直接关系。Young等[4]研究表明,含呕吐毒素1.3 mg/kg的日粮能显著降低猪采食量,含呕吐毒素12 mg/kg的日粮会使猪几乎完全拒食,含呕吐毒素20 mg/kg的日粮可导致猪呕吐。其中拒食的原因到底是毒素对消化道的局部刺激作用,还是适口性不良造成的尚未有定论。早期的研究发现,母猪采食了受呕吐毒素污染的日粮后,脑中色氨酸浓度升高[5]。而色氨酸是神经传递介质5-羟色胺的前体,5-羟色胺可以调节食欲、肌肉协调和嗜睡等行为。大脑中5-羟色胺的合成几乎不受其它因素影响,但可随血液中色氨酸含量的升高而升高[6]。大脑中色氨酸浓度升高导致动物食欲丧失和嗜睡。这可能在一定程度上解释了后备母猪的拒食反应。Goyarts等[7]用含6.64 mg/kg呕吐毒素的饲料饲喂后备母猪,结果使母猪采食量降低15%,增重降低13%,但料肉比不受影响。采用限饲的饲养模式时,母猪的增重与对照组无差异。因此有学者推断呕吐毒素对生长成绩的影响主要是抑制了采食量所致[8]。也有猪采食呕吐毒素污染日粮后,料肉比呈线性或二次曲线下降的报道[9],但把其归为呕吐毒素的污染使日粮营养成分降低。甚至也有研究者报道镰刀菌毒素污染的日粮可提高饲料利用效率,并假设猪通过改进饲料利用效率,调节性地降低饲料进食量[10]。总之,采食量下降必将导致后备母猪的增重速度减缓,妊娠母猪的胎儿发育受阻。
呕吐毒素既是一种免疫抑制剂,同时也是一种免疫促进剂,这主要取决于毒素的剂量、暴露频率和检测免疫功能的时间。免疫抑制作用与呕吐毒素对免疫细胞增值与凋亡的影响和对蛋白质翻译的阻断有关。在高剂量下,呕吐毒素能严重损伤骨髓、淋巴结、脾脏、胸腺及肠黏膜等组织,诱导白细胞、巨噬细胞、B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞的凋亡[11]。呕吐毒素可抑制转录和翻译过程,使免疫细胞增殖受阻,抑制对病原体的免疫应答,从而使母畜妊娠期抗病力下降。最近有研究发现呕吐毒素不仅造成动物的免疫失效,并且还有可能导致已经免疫的母猪爆发疾病[12];而呕吐毒素的免疫促进作用则是其低剂量时引起核糖体应激反应,激活MAPKs途径,抑制阻遏蛋白,刺激巨噬细胞和T细胞[13];或是通过诱导NF-κB的激活,触发炎症反应,从而选择性地诱导特殊基因的表达。包括一系列细胞因子、趋化因子以及其他一些免疫相关炎性因子和蛋白质基mRNA的上调,产生TNF-α、COX-2、IL-1、IL-6、IL-12、IFN-γ等[14]。大量的炎性介质和自由基容易使机体免疫反应过度,造成全身炎症反应和多器官功能衰竭,进而可导致类似于内毒素和LPS毒性作用的食欲下降、呕吐、体质量减轻等代谢紊乱症状,并干扰胎盘着床过程[15]。
呕吐毒素可通过其第9位分子官能团在代谢过程中由羟基生成了酯类,与真核细胞核糖体60s亚基上的酞酰基转移酶结合,引起MAPK磷酸化和线粒体应激反应,通过抑制蛋白质等大分子合成影响细胞增殖、分化,干扰细胞周期的分布,使细胞停滞在G0/G1 期[16]。呕吐毒素所具有的细胞毒性可抑制猪卵母细胞成熟,使卵母细胞形成异常减数分裂的纺锤体。通过荧光原位杂交分析发现,呕吐毒素组异倍体卵裂球出现的概率明显高于对照组[17];呕吐毒素还可使培养的猪子宫内膜细胞减少,并出现线粒体肿胀、细胞膜破裂和细胞浆空泡化的现象[18]。Alm等[19]给妊娠母猪饲喂呕吐毒素后发现卵母细胞染色质形态、成熟能力和质量均显著下降。在对妊娠母鼠的繁殖实验中发现,呕吐毒素使子代大鼠出生后存活率降低,骨骼发育不良[20]。另外,由于饲料中通常是多种毒素并存,毒素间的协同作用和加性作用会使中毒效应加剧。呕吐毒素常与玉米赤霉烯酮等单端孢霉烯族化合物常同时产生,并相互增强毒性作用,造成母畜的直肠和阴道脱落、不育和流产等繁殖功能障碍。
呕吐毒素具有胚胎毒性和致畸作用。妊娠母猪感染呕吐毒素后可在胎儿的血浆、肝和肾中均检测到呕吐毒素及其代谢产物,由此可推断呕吐毒素可通过胎盘屏障作用于胎猪,使发育中的胎猪完全暴露在毒素环境中[21]。用纯品呕吐毒素灌喂小鼠,在10~15 mg/kg剂量时胎儿吸收率为100%,5 mg/kg剂量时胎儿吸收率为80%。在幼鼠血浆和体组织中都能检测到呕吐毒素,其质量浓度明显高于成年鼠。呕吐毒素诱导幼鼠脾和肺中产生的IL-6和TNF-α质量浓度也比成年鼠高,持续时间更长,且脾中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的mRNA 表达量比成年鼠高2~3倍,这说明幼鼠对呕吐毒素更敏感[22]。研究表明,长期摄入被呕吐毒素污染的日粮可影响母畜繁殖率和子代的存活率,甚至可使胎儿生长停滞,形成僵胎。在母鼠妊娠期 5~19 d饲喂5 mg/kg的呕吐毒素,剖腹评价生殖和发育效应,发现活胎少、吸收胎和早晚期死胎数增加,胎儿质量、母体子宫质量和头臀长降低,胸骨、趾骨、背骨和椎骨等骨化能力下降[23]。3 mg/kg·BW剂量的呕吐毒素可造成试验组鸡胚头部畸形、身体发育畸形,畸形率明显高于对照组[24]。
母猪饲养是养殖环节中科技含量最高,难度最大的部分,也是最大的利润空间所在,决定着养殖企业经济效益的好坏。呕吐毒素所造成的母猪生长受阻、代谢紊乱、免疫失调以及对繁殖性能的影响,应该得到我们的重视。
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ResearchProgressonVomitoxininSows
WU Li,WU Fei,LI Jun,CUI Zhi-jie,WANG Li-jian,LI Tie-jun*,YIN Yu-long
(HunanProvincialEngineeringResearchCenterofHealthyLivestock,KeyLaboratoryofAgro-EcologicalProcessesinSubtropicalRegionofChineseAcademicofSciences,InstituteofSubtropicalAgriculture,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Changsha410125,China)
Vomitoxin is the most prevalent mycotoxin with the highest detection rate and the excessive rate in feed.It not only brings about enormous loss in the feed industry,but also endangers the healthy development of animal husbandry and the profitability of pig-breeding enterprises.In order to assist the research and feeding practice of sows,the toxicological mechanism was introduced in detail after reviewing the current research in the growth and development,immunology function,reproductive performance,and the characteristic of inheritance about sows.
vomitoxin; immune; reproductive performance; inheritance
2014-03-25,
2014-05-15
国家973重点基础研究发展计划(2009CB118800)
伍 力(1985-),男,广西桂林人,博士研究生,研究方向: 分子营养学。E-mail: adonis5@163.com
*[通讯作者]李铁军(1967-),男,湖南长沙人,研究员,研究方向:分子营养学。E-mail: tjli@isa.ac.cn
S811.6
A
1005-5228(2014)08-0083-03