董建辉
强调句式是中学英语重点语法内容之一,也是每年中高考必考的语法项目。纵观多年的中高考试题,并结合本人多年的教学积累,现将强调句的常用句式、判断方法,以及强调句的一些特殊现象总结如下,希望对大家有所帮助。
一、 强调句的基本结构和用法
强调句的基本结构为:It is/was+被强调成分+that+句子其余的部分.以句子“Mr Zhang told his students an interesting story in the classroom yesterday.”来说明如何对一个句子的某个成分进行强调。
1. 强调主语。如:
It was Mr Zhang who told his students an interesting story in the classroom yesterday.
2. 强调宾语。有些动词可带有双宾语,直接宾语和间接宾语,所以可以对两个宾语进行强调。如:
It was his students that Mr Zhang told an interesting story in the classroom yesterday.
It was an interesting story that Mr Zhang told his students in the classroom yesterday.
3. 强调地点状语。如:
It was in the classroom that Mr Zhang told his students an interesting story yesterday.
4. 强调时间状语。如:
It was yesterday that Mr Zhang told his students an interesting story in the classroom.
二、强调句的判断方法
1.用还原法判断。英语中“It is/was...”型的句式很多,对于中学生来说,出现这种句式很难将它们区分开来,所以只有掌握了对它们的基本的判断方法,方可迎刃而解。用还原法判断“It is/was...”结构是否是强调句,只是将已经强调的句子还原为以前未强调的句子。我们知道“It is/was...that...” 强调结构对句子的某个部分进行强调时,是将原句中需要被强调的某个部分提出来置于is/was之后that之前而实现的,由此我们不难发现is/was之后that之前的部分恰好是原句子中所缺少的部分。所以要判断一个“It is/was...that...”结构的句子是否是强调句,只需要将“It is/was...that...”这个框架去掉,只对剩余的句子在不加词、不减词的情况下微调整一下语序,若仍然是一个完整的句子,这就是强调句。例如:
It was the Great Wall that we visited last week.如果将“It was...that...”去掉,只需将the Great Wall 调整到宾语的位置上,就变为:We visited the Great Wall last week.所以原句是一个强调句。
It is the truth that we visited the Great Wall last week. 如果将“It is...that...”去掉,the truth无法还原到后面的句子中,且剩余的部分无法构成一个完整的句子,所以这不是一个强调句。在这个句子中it是形式主语,代替that从句,故整个句子是一个含有主语从句的复合句。
2.根据语境判断。有些含在一定语境中的“It was...” 结构的选择题,即使按照强调句的结构选that后,又用还原法可以还原为一个完整的句子,若只看单个句子,理解为强调句是正确的,但在具体语境中并非是强调句。例如:
—Where did you meet Mr Smith yesterday?
—It was in the factory we worked 10 years ago.
A. that B. where
在这个题中若只看答语,可选A,然后可又还原为:We worked in the factory 10 years ago.这是一个结构、意义完整的句子,是强调句。但放到这个具体的语境中:“—你昨天是在什么地方见到Mr Smith的?—我是在我们十年前曾工作过的工厂里见到他的。”答案只能为B。由此可见,看到一个像强调句结构的句式的题,既要结合还原法,还不能放过具体的语境,只有这样才能做到判断的准确无误。
三、 强调句的特殊现象
1.若对倒装句的某一部分进行强调,原倒装句不再倒装。如:
Never has she seen a snake before. 对a snake强调:It is a snake that she has never seen before.
2.当强调部分为时间状语或地点状语时,有可能在作状语的某个名词后面带定语从句,修饰时间状语或地点状语中的某个名词,此时若要强调时间状语或地点状语,就连同定语从句一起放在被强调的位置。如:
Tom found his lost pen in the room where he studied for three years.强调地点状语:It was in the room where he studied for three years that Tom found his lost pen. 本句中的where是关系副词,引导定语从句来修饰the room。
强调句式这一英语语法在每年的中高考中的难度与力度正在发生着稳中有升的变化。但只要各位老师在平时的教学和学习过程中不断归纳总结,再难的问题都会迎刃而解。
(责任编辑 周侯辰)