兰索拉唑对经皮内镜下胃造瘘术并发症防治的临床研究

2014-02-21 01:44郭宏兴高珂陈曦邓庆文唐蓉晖邓瑞华
中国现代医生 2014年2期
关键词:兰索拉唑并发症

郭宏兴+高珂+陈曦+邓庆文+唐蓉晖+邓瑞华

[摘要] 目的 探讨兰索拉唑对经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(PEG)并发症的防治作用。 方法 选择我院收治的鼻咽癌患者90例,分为对照组、1周治疗组和2周治疗组,每组30例,对照组行PEG肠内营养,1周治疗组和2周治疗组行PEG肠内营养后分别予兰索拉唑治疗1周和2周,分析4周后三组患者的营养指标和并发症的发生情况。 结果 术后三组患者营养指标较术前明显改善(P<0.01),治疗组患者并发症的发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.01),1周治疗组及2周治疗组患者的并发症发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论PEG能改善患者的营养情况,术后使用兰索拉唑1周,能降低并发症的发生。

[关键词] 经皮内镜下胃造瘘术;兰索拉唑;并发症

[中图分类号] R730.5 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)02-0051-03

Clinical study on lansoprazole for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy complications prevention and treatment.

GUO Hongxing1 GAO Ke1 CHEN Xi2 DENG Qingwen1 TANG Ronghui1 DENG Ruihua1

1.Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China; 2.Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510900, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the role of lansoprazole for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy(PEG) complications prevention and treatment. Methods Researched ninety patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in our hospital. The patients were divided into control group, one week treatment group and two weeks treatment group, with each group thirty cases. The control group received PEG enteral nutrition, one week treatment group and two weeks treatment group were respectively given lansoprazole treatment one week and two weeks after received PEG enteral nutrition. The three groups patients of nutritional indicators and the incidence of complications were analysed after four weeks. Results The three groups patients after surgery compared with preoperative nutritional parameters improved significantly (P<0.01). The incidence of complications in treatment groups was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.01). Patients in one week treatment group and two weeks treatment group with no significant difference in the incidence of complications(P>0.05). Conclusion PEG can improve the patient's nutritional status; postoperative use of lansoprazole one week, can reduce the incidence of complications.

[Key words] Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; Lansoprazole; Complications

1980年经皮内镜下胃造瘘术被介绍应用于临床[1],30多年来PEG临床应用的范围不断扩展,越来越受到重视,该项技术已在欧美、日本等国家替代外科胃造瘘,目前PEG已经成为需要长期肠内营养支持患者的首选方法,但其并发症如吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血、消化性溃疡等的发生率却不容忽视。然而,目前国内尚无有效防治该并发症发生的临床研究,本研究探讨兰索拉唑防治PEG术后并发症的临床效果。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

1.1.1 病例标准 ①鼻咽癌经治疗或未治疗后,导致吞咽困难、神经性厌食患者;②患者可以耐受麻醉、胃镜检查以及一般手术;③患者有胃肠道功能存在,可以耐受肠内营养。④患者咽、食管、贲门无严重狭窄,可通过胃镜检查。

1.1.2 病例选取 根据病例纳入标准,选取2010年10月~2013年8月我院收治的鼻咽癌患者90例。对照组30例,男24例,女6例,年龄33~82岁,平均(44.6±10.3)岁;1周治疗组30例,男23例,女7例,年龄35~81岁,平均(46.2±15.1)岁;2周治疗组30例,男25例,女5例,年龄32~80岁,平均(46.7±12.3)岁,三组患者的年龄、性别间具有均衡性。endprint

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 设备和药品 日本Olympus公司生产的GIF-XQ260型电子胃镜,美国COOK公司生产的PEG-24一次性使用胃造瘘管,活检钳,江苏奥赛康药业股份有限公司于2010年3月6日生产的注射用兰索拉唑(奥维加)、国药准字H20080336。

1.2.2 PEG肠内营养 患者术前禁食8h,常规检查血常规、凝血常规、肝肾功能等正常后行PEG术。患者先左侧卧位,当胃镜到达胃内后取仰卧位,检查上消化道无器质性病变后,将胃镜放置在胃体上部,调节胃镜前端对准胃前壁,注气使胃腔充盈扩张,并使胃壁与腹壁紧贴,将胃镜置于胃体下部前壁,根据胃镜在腹壁的透光点,用手指按压局部腹壁,胃镜下可见到胃前壁压迹,即确定该处为造瘘部位,行皮肤消毒、铺洞巾后,在穿刺点局部麻醉至腹膜,于穿刺点皮肤作0.6~1.0cm的切口至皮下,行钝性分离至肌膜,将套管穿刺针垂直刺入胃腔后退出针芯,沿套管插导丝入胃腔,术者用活检钳经胃镜活检孔插入胃腔夹牢导丝,将胃镜连同活检钳和导丝一起从口腔退出,将导丝与造瘘管鼠尾状扩张导管套牢,缓慢将造瘘管引导经口送入胃腔并经腹壁开口处轻轻拉出,直至其尖端拉出腹壁外并感觉明显阻力。再次插入胃镜观察蘑菇头,使之与胃壁紧贴后消毒伤口,并在腹壁处固定,手术完毕。于手术24h后缓慢、少量、多次进食,术前、术后均常规应用抗生素预防感染,术后2周内伤口每日换药1次。进食前后均用0.9%氯化钠溶液30~50mL冲管,防止堵塞。每次喂食抬高床头使患者处于半卧位或坐位,喂食完毕后保持此姿势30~60min,以减少胃食管反流的发生。

1.2.3 兰索拉唑治疗 术后治疗组患者均给予兰索拉唑治疗,按药品说明书操作:用专用溶剂溶解注射用兰索拉唑钠40mg后,加入0.9%氯化钠溶液100mL中稀释后静脉滴注,每隔12小时1次;1周治疗组治疗1周,2周治疗组治疗2周。

1.2.4 观察指标 观察三组患者术后4周体重指数(BMI)、血红蛋白(HGB)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)营养指标情况。统计三组术后吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生情况。

1.2.5 统计学方法 采用SPSS 13.0统计软件对数据进行处理,计量资料用(x±s)表示,多组比较行组间方差分析,两两比较采用q检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 三组营养指标改善情况

见表1。手术过程均顺利,营养恢复良好,术后三组患者营养指标较术前明显改善(P<0.01),三组间患者的营养指标无明显差异(P>0.05)。

2.2 三组并发症发生情况

见表2。治疗前吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生率无明显差异(P>0.05);治疗组吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.01),而1周治疗组及2周治疗组患者的并发症发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。

表1 三组患者营养指标的比较(x±s,n=30)

3 讨论

鼻咽癌指发生于鼻咽黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤,全球有80%的鼻咽癌患者在中国。鼻咽癌的发病率以中国的南方较高,特别是广东的中部和西部的肇庆、佛山和广州地区更高。鼻咽癌患者极易导致营养不良[2,3],给予鼻咽癌患者长期、安全、有效的肠内营养支持,是解决营养不良、提高生存率的一种必要途径[4]。尽管鼻胃管饲仍为一种有效的管饲营养方法,但对患者身体和心理造成影响,极大地降低了患者的依从性[5,6]。改用PEG可以改善患者的生活质量,简化护理,易于在家中进行护理,比鼻胃管更舒适和美观;且患者可以自已给食、藏于腹上维持外表尊严、易于被患者所接受[7,8]。

自从1980年第1次报告PEG以来,现已广泛地应用于临床,它无需常规外科手术和全身麻醉的造瘘技术,可以在胃镜室或病房局麻下进行,因此是一种操作简便、创伤小、安全可靠的方法。但PEG是一种有创操作,操作中及操作后均会发生并发症。研究显示,1%~2%的患者死亡与并发症有关[9],因为所选病人以及医疗技术的差异,并发症的发生率有很大的差异。国外研究显示,PEG的轻微并发症率为13%,严重并发症率为8%[10,11]。如何最大限度地预防并发症,成为临床不容忽视的问题。本实验探讨兰索拉唑对PEG并发症的防治作用,为临床有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生提供有效依据。

胃壁细胞的质子泵抑制剂,抑酸作用强,特异性高,持续时间长久。胃酸分泌的最后步骤是胃壁细胞内质子泵驱动细胞内H+与小管内K+交换。质子泵抑制剂阻断了胃酸分泌的最后通道,与以往临床应用的抑制胃酸药物H2受体拮抗剂相比较,作用位点不同且有着不同的特点,即夜间的抑酸作用好、起效快,抑酸作用强且时间长;不仅能非竞争性抑制促胃液素、组胺、胆碱及食物刺激迷走神经等引起的胃酸分泌,而且能抑制不受胆碱或H2受体阻断剂影响的部分基础胃酸分泌。质子泵抑制剂主要用于:消化性溃疡出血、吻合口溃疡出血[12];应激状态时并发的急性胃黏膜损害和非甾体类抗炎药引起的急性胃黏膜损伤;胃手术后预防再出血[13];全身麻醉或大手术后以及衰弱昏迷患者防止胃酸反流合并吸入性肺炎等[14,15]。兰索拉唑是奥美拉唑升级换代产品,是一新型抑制胃酸分泌的药物,其结构特点是侧链中导入氟元素而取代苯并咪唑化合物,使其生物利用度较奥美拉唑提高了30%以上,而对幽门螺杆菌的抑菌活性比奥美拉唑提高了4倍。因此,PEG术后给予兰索拉唑,更有利于防治PEG并发症;但术后使用兰索拉唑治疗需要多长时间才合理,目前我们尚没有这方面的理论依据。

我们的研究表明,对照组、1周治疗组和2周治疗组均可明显改善鼻咽癌患者体重指数、血红蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白营养指标情况(P<0.01),三组间患者的营养指标无明显差异(P>0.05)。1周治疗组和2周治疗组吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.01),而1周治疗组及2周治疗组患者的并发症发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。endprint

以上表明,PEG的肠内营养可明显改善鼻咽癌患者的营养不良,及时地解决营养支持问题,术后使用1周的兰索拉唑治疗,能有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生。因此,对于改善病情的发展、提高患者的生活质量、减轻患者的家庭和社会负担都有积极的作用,值得在临床中大力推广应用。

[参考文献]

[1] Gaudw MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ Jr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 1980, 15(6): 872-875.

[2] Abbasi AN, Zahid S, Bhurgri Y, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - an update of treatment and acute radiation induced reactions from a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(3):735-738.

[3] Peerawong T, Phungrassami T, Pruegsanusak K, et al. Comparison of treatment compliance and nutritional outcomes among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy during chemoradiation[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012, 13(11):5805-5809.

[4] 魏祥志, 张科, 汪永和, 等. 贲门癌、食管癌术后早期肠内营养应用的体会[J]. 中国现代医生, 2011,49(31) :139-141.

[5] Oostdijk EA, de Smet AM, Bonten MJ, et al. Effects of decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in intensive care unit patients on 1-year survival[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(1):117-120.

[6] Hutchinson E, Wilson N. Acute stroke, dysphagia and nutritional support[J]. Br J Community Nurs, 2013, Suppl:26-29.

[7] Thomson M, Rao P, Rawat D, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and gastro-oesophageal reflux in neurologically impaired children[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(2): 191-196.

[8] McGinnis CM, Worthington P, Lord LM. Nasogastric versus feeding tubes in critically ill patients[J]. Crit Care Nurse, 2010, 30(6):80-82.

[9] Johnston SD, Tham TC, Mason M. Death after PEG: results of the national confidential enquiry into patient outcome and death[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2008, 68(2): 223-227.

[10] Schrag SP, Sharma R, Jaik NP, et al. Complications related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A comprehensive clinical review[J]. Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2007, 16(4): 407-418.

[11] Szarszewski A, Szlzgatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Borkowska A, et al. Posterior gastric wall ulceration as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A report of 2 cases[J]. Med Wieku Rozwoj, 2009, 13(3): 209-211.

[12] Yen HH, Yang CW, Su WW, et al. Oral versus intravenous proton pump inhibitors in preventing re-bleeding for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2012, 12(1): 66.

[13] Tomita T, Kim Y, Yamasaki T, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of omeprazole and famotidine in preventing delayed bleeding and promoting ulcer healing after endoscopic submucosal dissection[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 27(9): 1441-1446.

[14] Yoshida S, Nii M, Date M. Effects of omeprazole on symptoms and quality of life in Japanese patients with reflux esophagitis: final results of OMAREE, a large-scale clinical experience investigation[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2011,11(1): 15.

[15] Chan WH, Khin LW, Chung YF, et al. Randomized controlled trial of standard versus high-dose intravenous omeprazole after endoscopic therapy in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding[J]. Br J Surg, 2011, 98(5): 640-644.

(收稿日期:2013-11-06)endprint

以上表明,PEG的肠内营养可明显改善鼻咽癌患者的营养不良,及时地解决营养支持问题,术后使用1周的兰索拉唑治疗,能有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生。因此,对于改善病情的发展、提高患者的生活质量、减轻患者的家庭和社会负担都有积极的作用,值得在临床中大力推广应用。

[参考文献]

[1] Gaudw MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ Jr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 1980, 15(6): 872-875.

[2] Abbasi AN, Zahid S, Bhurgri Y, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - an update of treatment and acute radiation induced reactions from a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(3):735-738.

[3] Peerawong T, Phungrassami T, Pruegsanusak K, et al. Comparison of treatment compliance and nutritional outcomes among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy during chemoradiation[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012, 13(11):5805-5809.

[4] 魏祥志, 张科, 汪永和, 等. 贲门癌、食管癌术后早期肠内营养应用的体会[J]. 中国现代医生, 2011,49(31) :139-141.

[5] Oostdijk EA, de Smet AM, Bonten MJ, et al. Effects of decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in intensive care unit patients on 1-year survival[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(1):117-120.

[6] Hutchinson E, Wilson N. Acute stroke, dysphagia and nutritional support[J]. Br J Community Nurs, 2013, Suppl:26-29.

[7] Thomson M, Rao P, Rawat D, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and gastro-oesophageal reflux in neurologically impaired children[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(2): 191-196.

[8] McGinnis CM, Worthington P, Lord LM. Nasogastric versus feeding tubes in critically ill patients[J]. Crit Care Nurse, 2010, 30(6):80-82.

[9] Johnston SD, Tham TC, Mason M. Death after PEG: results of the national confidential enquiry into patient outcome and death[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2008, 68(2): 223-227.

[10] Schrag SP, Sharma R, Jaik NP, et al. Complications related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A comprehensive clinical review[J]. Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2007, 16(4): 407-418.

[11] Szarszewski A, Szlzgatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Borkowska A, et al. Posterior gastric wall ulceration as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A report of 2 cases[J]. Med Wieku Rozwoj, 2009, 13(3): 209-211.

[12] Yen HH, Yang CW, Su WW, et al. Oral versus intravenous proton pump inhibitors in preventing re-bleeding for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2012, 12(1): 66.

[13] Tomita T, Kim Y, Yamasaki T, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of omeprazole and famotidine in preventing delayed bleeding and promoting ulcer healing after endoscopic submucosal dissection[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 27(9): 1441-1446.

[14] Yoshida S, Nii M, Date M. Effects of omeprazole on symptoms and quality of life in Japanese patients with reflux esophagitis: final results of OMAREE, a large-scale clinical experience investigation[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2011,11(1): 15.

[15] Chan WH, Khin LW, Chung YF, et al. Randomized controlled trial of standard versus high-dose intravenous omeprazole after endoscopic therapy in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding[J]. Br J Surg, 2011, 98(5): 640-644.

(收稿日期:2013-11-06)endprint

以上表明,PEG的肠内营养可明显改善鼻咽癌患者的营养不良,及时地解决营养支持问题,术后使用1周的兰索拉唑治疗,能有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性溃疡的发生。因此,对于改善病情的发展、提高患者的生活质量、减轻患者的家庭和社会负担都有积极的作用,值得在临床中大力推广应用。

[参考文献]

[1] Gaudw MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ Jr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 1980, 15(6): 872-875.

[2] Abbasi AN, Zahid S, Bhurgri Y, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - an update of treatment and acute radiation induced reactions from a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(3):735-738.

[3] Peerawong T, Phungrassami T, Pruegsanusak K, et al. Comparison of treatment compliance and nutritional outcomes among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy during chemoradiation[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012, 13(11):5805-5809.

[4] 魏祥志, 张科, 汪永和, 等. 贲门癌、食管癌术后早期肠内营养应用的体会[J]. 中国现代医生, 2011,49(31) :139-141.

[5] Oostdijk EA, de Smet AM, Bonten MJ, et al. Effects of decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in intensive care unit patients on 1-year survival[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(1):117-120.

[6] Hutchinson E, Wilson N. Acute stroke, dysphagia and nutritional support[J]. Br J Community Nurs, 2013, Suppl:26-29.

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(收稿日期:2013-11-06)endprint

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