基础写作“五步”法

2014-02-10 08:15吴萍萍
广东教育·高中 2014年1期
关键词:五步信息点二手烟

吴萍萍

高考英语广东卷写作题中包括了15分的基础写作,目的是要检测考生最基础的书面表达能力,如用词的合理性、句子结构的复杂度、语法运用的正确性、信息内容的完整性、句子之间的连贯性等。作为长期奋战在第一线的高三老师,笔者总结出基础写作“五步”写作方法,并以历年高考基础写作题为例进行分析,希望对考生有所帮助。

步骤一:认真审题,分析文体,确定时态。

2009—2012年广东省高考基础写作都属于报道类应用文体,包括采访报道(2009年)、禁烟报道(2010年)、图书信息以及相关报道(2011年),2012年是人物介绍的校园报道。根据应用文体的特点,文章应以一般现在时作为主导时态。如:2010年高考禁烟报道的基础写作,可以使用一般现在时态表述禁烟时间、禁烟内容以及禁烟的相关数据。当然并非整篇文章只能使用唯一时态,部分细节信息可以根据具体的时间状语,考虑用一般过去时态。如2009年高考基础写作中的第一个信息点:上周末,我采访了眼科医生王教授,进行了关于我国中小学生近视问题的采访。这个句子应该根据它明显的过去时间状语采用一般过去时态:Last weekend,I had an interview with Professor Wang,an eye doctor, concerning the issue of short-sightedness of school children in China.

总体而言,如果是记叙文,一般采用一般过去时态或者根据具体的情况使用过去的某种时态,包括过去进行时态、过去将来时态与过去完成时态等等。如果是说明类的文体,考虑用一般现在时态为主。当然如果谈及某个地方或者某个人物的历史,我们可以考虑用一般过去时态。也有可能是展望某个地方的前景或某个人物的梦想,就需考虑用一般将来时态了。如果是议论文,应当用一般现在时态,因为有些事实、观点或者看法是恒定而没有改变的,用一般现在时态为佳。

步骤二:根据考题的中文写作信息进行五个句子的整合或者分拆。

笔者特别强调根据中文写作信息直接划分为五个句子是为了避免信息点的遗漏。整合或者分拆句子的原则是相关信息点合并,每个句子必须至少包含一个重要的信息点。2007年至2012年的基础写作信息点都较多,大部分都在8个信息点左右。这点与命题者的思路相关:较多的信息点促使学生可以灵活运用所学的并列句式或者从属句式,注重篇章效果,适当运用相关的连接词,能展示学生的谋篇能力。现在,笔者以2010年高考基础写作题为例,阐述此部分的解题思路。

(2010广东高考)以下是一则关于中国政府决定禁烟的报道的主要内容。

内容:公共场所禁烟

实施时间: 2011年1月1日起

实施范围:全国

目标:所有室内公共场所无烟

措施:张贴禁烟标志

相关数据:

(1)吸烟人数:约3.5亿

(2)分布:男性75%;女性25%

(3)受二手烟影响人数:约5.4亿

(4)因二手烟死亡人数:超过10万/年

?鄢二手烟:second-hand smoke

[写作内容]

请根据以上内容给学校英语墙报写一篇通讯,内容包括:

1. 禁烟决定的内容及实施的时间和范围;

2. 目标和措施;

3. 相关数据。

[写作要求]

只能用5个句子表达全部内容。

[评分标准]

句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。

思路分析:该题为应用文中的通讯报道。试题详细地给出了内容要点,属于控制性写作。这次的写作主题是“禁烟通告”,并且要求考生阐述与之相关的信息。根据信息点的相关性以及信息点内容的多少,可以考虑划分成以下5组信息点(当然,这并非是唯一方式,仅供参考)。

第一句包括实施内容、时间和范围:2011年1月1日,中国政府决定在全国进行禁烟;

第二句内容是实施目标以及措施:通过张贴禁烟标志,在所有室内公共场合实现无烟;

第三句包含数据(1)(2):全国吸烟人数约3.5亿,其中75%是男性而25%是女性;

第四句包含数据(3):受到二手烟影响的人数约为5.4亿;

第五句包括数据(4):每年因二手烟死亡人数已超过10万人。

笔者认为一定要在审题时把五组信息点划分出来,这样不仅可以避免信息点遗漏,还可以使信息点平衡,每个句子包括一个重要信息点,使文章可以彰显作者的整体谋篇能力。

步骤三:根据五组已经划分好的信息点,从句子层面思索,进行翻译。

这里笔者特别强调绝对不可词对词进行翻译,这样容易造成中式英语。最好的做法是根据句子的意思,从句子层面考虑使用恰当的句式、短语或者具体的词汇去表述。如果能关注课本语言知识、句式的总结,平时能多熟记参考作文中的优美词句,同学们将比较容易在写作过程中有效地提取相关信息。笔者还是以2010年基础写作为例,说明自己的看法(题目略)。

根据已划分好的信息点,用五个句子翻译如下。

第1句:Our country has begun to carry out the policy that prevents smoking in public buildings since January 1st, 2011. 本句采用了定语从句,先行词为policy,在从句中充当主语。考虑到since引导的时间状语从句,主句的谓语使用现在完成时态。

第2句:The main aim is to make every public rooms have no smoke by posting the sign of preventing smoking. 此句采用常见句式The goal/aim/purpose is/was to...,由不定式短语作表语。endprint

第3句:There are 350 million people smoking recently, in which the male hold 75 percent and the female hold 25 percent. 本句数据较多,用了非限制定语从句,利用in which引导起补充说明作用的非限制性定语从句。

第4句:Because of these smokers, about 540 million non-smokers are influenced. 此句用了because of引导的原因状语起承上启下的作用。

第5句:Worse still, more than 100 thousand people per year die because of the second-smoke. 此句用worse still短语作为过渡,用简单句式点出最后一个信息内容。

分析总结五个句子能简单明了、流畅地表达出题目罗列的重要信息点,符合英语表达的习惯,效果显著。

步骤四:注重使用适当的过渡词,以使行文连贯。

基础写作评分标准中包括语言的连贯性,总分2分。笔者认为不可小看这2分,其实使用适当的过渡词能使文章内容连贯,结构紧凑,提升文章的评分档次。笔者进行了过渡词常见用法的归纳总结如下表。

步骤五:细致检查,注意表达的准确性。

最后一步再次浏览全文,特别检查信息点的完整性,表达的准确性,尤其关注细节问题,如拼写是否正确,主语与谓语是否保持一致等问题。这里笔者特别提醒各位考生,如果发现确实有需要修改之处,请把错误之处用一斜线划掉,在旁边写上正确表达,这样可以保证卷面的清晰。当然,如能形成较好的写作习惯,做到全篇下来无一处更改,字迹工整清楚,更是理想,这就需要大家在平时训练中三思而后行,做到准确表达。

即时训练

(一)

假设你买了一本英文词典,发现有一些质量问题,书店的服务态度又不好,就给报社编辑写信。信中包括以下内容:

1. 事情的起因:自己在匆忙的情况下随便拿起一本书店的英文词典,没有检查就离开了书店。

2. 字典的问题:有些词条的解释模糊;有两面是12页,没有13页。

3. 与书店交涉的经过:我回到书店要求更换字典,但是书店的工作人员告诉我店里已经没有相同的词典。我建议他与出版社联系,但是他直接拒绝我,要求我自己去联系出版社解决问题。

4. 呼吁服务行业提高服务意识:良好的服务理念会赢得顾客的信心并争取更多的顾客,希望服务业提高服务质量。

参考词汇:词条 word entries 模糊 illegible 服务行业 service trades

【写作要求】

1. 文章开始与结尾已经给出,不计入五个句子中;

2. 只能用5个句子表达全部内容。

【评分标准】

句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。

Dear Sir/ Madam,

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

思路引导:

1. 文章是属于_________ 文体,主导时态是

______________________________。

2. 五个句子如何划分:

(1)______; (2)_______; (3)________; (4)________; (5)___________

3. 采用何种句式(短语等)翻译五个句子?

__________________________

4. 句子之间使用的过渡词是

________________________________

5. 检查文章,注意信息点完整,句子表达的精确性。

(二)

实践活动深受学生们的欢迎,对此,家长们有不同的看法。具体情况见下表。

参考词汇:社会实践活动 Social Practice 补充 supplement

【写作要求】

1. 首句已经给出,不计入五个句子中。

2. 只能用5个句子表达全部内容。

【评分标准】

句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. ...

思路引导:

1. 文章是属于_________ 文体,主导时态是

____________________________。

2. 五个句子如何划分:(1)_______;(2)_______; (3) ;(4)________;(5)___________

3. 采用何种句式(短语等)翻译五个句子?

__________________________

4. 句子之间使用的过渡词是

_______________________________

5. 检查文章,注意信息点完整,句子表达的精确性。

参考范文

(一)

Dear Sir/ Madam,endprint

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore. Because I was in a hurry,I picked up a copy,paid for it and left the store without looking it over. The next day I found the notes under several word entries were illegible,and worse still, there were two page 12s but no page 13. Then I went back to the bookstore,asking for an exchange, but the shop assistant told me that there was no copy left in the store. Therefore,I requested him to contact the Publishing House to arrange a replacement for me, which was refused by the shop assistant,who asked me to do it myself. Something has to be changed in service trades since a strong service concept gives companies the opportunity to gain the customersconfidence and win more customers, so it is high time for those working in the lines changed their attitude toward customers and raise their awareness of service.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

(二)

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. Some parents believe that Social Practice offers the students a chance to contact the society and get some idea of the society, so they support it. Besides, the students are supposed to apply what they have learned in class to the practical work,which will be helpful to their future career. However,some parents who hold the opposite opinion argue that students may get more interest in social work and spend long time on it,thus neglecting their studies. Worse still, attention distraction makes them unable to focus on the study. Still some others think students should put their studies in the first place and hold the Social Practice just as a supplement of their study.

(作者单位:梅州市曾宪梓中学)

责任编校 蒋小青endprint

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore. Because I was in a hurry,I picked up a copy,paid for it and left the store without looking it over. The next day I found the notes under several word entries were illegible,and worse still, there were two page 12s but no page 13. Then I went back to the bookstore,asking for an exchange, but the shop assistant told me that there was no copy left in the store. Therefore,I requested him to contact the Publishing House to arrange a replacement for me, which was refused by the shop assistant,who asked me to do it myself. Something has to be changed in service trades since a strong service concept gives companies the opportunity to gain the customersconfidence and win more customers, so it is high time for those working in the lines changed their attitude toward customers and raise their awareness of service.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

(二)

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. Some parents believe that Social Practice offers the students a chance to contact the society and get some idea of the society, so they support it. Besides, the students are supposed to apply what they have learned in class to the practical work,which will be helpful to their future career. However,some parents who hold the opposite opinion argue that students may get more interest in social work and spend long time on it,thus neglecting their studies. Worse still, attention distraction makes them unable to focus on the study. Still some others think students should put their studies in the first place and hold the Social Practice just as a supplement of their study.

(作者单位:梅州市曾宪梓中学)

责任编校 蒋小青endprint

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore. Because I was in a hurry,I picked up a copy,paid for it and left the store without looking it over. The next day I found the notes under several word entries were illegible,and worse still, there were two page 12s but no page 13. Then I went back to the bookstore,asking for an exchange, but the shop assistant told me that there was no copy left in the store. Therefore,I requested him to contact the Publishing House to arrange a replacement for me, which was refused by the shop assistant,who asked me to do it myself. Something has to be changed in service trades since a strong service concept gives companies the opportunity to gain the customersconfidence and win more customers, so it is high time for those working in the lines changed their attitude toward customers and raise their awareness of service.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

(二)

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. Some parents believe that Social Practice offers the students a chance to contact the society and get some idea of the society, so they support it. Besides, the students are supposed to apply what they have learned in class to the practical work,which will be helpful to their future career. However,some parents who hold the opposite opinion argue that students may get more interest in social work and spend long time on it,thus neglecting their studies. Worse still, attention distraction makes them unable to focus on the study. Still some others think students should put their studies in the first place and hold the Social Practice just as a supplement of their study.

(作者单位:梅州市曾宪梓中学)

责任编校 蒋小青endprint

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