李义启
一、语法填空究竟考什么?
笔者通过仔细研读2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(广东卷)英语试题,我们发现,语法填空题主要考两方面的内容:
一是语法,二是上下文的连贯性,而且语法是重点。它主要考查考生对高中英语大纲要求的基本语法知识、词汇、习语和较为简单的英语表达方式的掌握情况。
语法填空共10小题,每小题1.5分,满分15分。它以语篇为载体,考查考生的语法和词汇知识。文章长约200个词,平均设空密度约为15词一空,基本不影响对语境的把握,要求根据上下文意思填入恰当的具一定语法功能的词。与完形填空题不同,完形填空题侧重考查语篇能力,而语法填空侧重考查的是语境加语法,而语法又占据了关键性的地位。词汇的考查涉及动词、代词、连词、冠词、介词、形容词和副词等。语法项目则包括非谓语动词、定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、并列句、系表结构等。每个空格应该以语法为单位,不一定只填一个词(特别是谓语动词或非谓语动词形式),除谓语或非谓语动词及派生词给出提示词外,其他空均不给提示词。
二、命题探秘
1. 语法填空的短文特点。
结论:(1)短文材料的体裁年年都是记叙文;(2)长度在200个词左右。
2. 语法填空的考查内容。
近四年高考具体考查项目详见下表:
结论:(1)给出提示词:包括动词的时态语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级、词类词义转换等,解题时只需根据情况变化词形。从最近四年的高考题来看,这类题都是4个小题。
(2)没有提示词:主要是要求考生填连词(包括主从复合句和并列成分的连词)、冠词、介词、代词(包括人称代词和不定代词等)等。
3. 语法填空的设题规律。
由以上表格可知命题有以下规律可循:
“纯空格题”一般设6个小题,且四年来主要考查代词、冠词、关联词、介词等四类词,2013年还考查了一道疑问词,具体分布为:
(1)代词:0-2题;
(2)冠词:1题;
(3)关联词:2-3题;
(4)介词:1-2题。
(5)其它(如疑问词):0-1题
有提示词的题,即“用括号中所给词的适当形式填空”,这类题一般设4题。
必考点是:
(1)谓语动词(时态、语态、语气、主谓一致): 1题;
(2)非谓语动词:1题;
(3)冠词:1题;
(4)词类转换:1-2题。
答案特点:
1. 纯空格题:一个小题或者说一个空格只能填一个英语单词。
2. 用括号中所给词的正确形式填空:四年高考题的答案是填一个或两个英语单词。
温馨提示:当所填词位于句首时,第一个字母要大写。
三、解题技巧
1. 纯空格题的解题技巧。
纯空格题是指“在空格处填入一个适当的词”这类题,这类题主要考查代词、冠词、关联词和介词。那么什么情况下填这类词呢?
2. 给词题的解题技巧。
给词题是指“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”这类题,通常考查谓语动词(时态、被动语态、语气、主谓一致)、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级、词类转化等四种情况。
四、备考策略
(1)夯实基础,学好语法。英语的基础知识琐碎繁杂,不是一朝一夕就能掌握的,它要求我们平时多听、多读、多记,夯实自己的基础知识;尤其高三很有必要把高中三年所学语法知识系统梳理一遍。同时还要坚定不移地加强语法的学习,尤其是对于长句、难句、复杂句的分析。只有这样,才能为综合能力的提高打下坚实的基础。
(2)不断记忆,积累词汇。语法填空题对单词提出了比以前更高的要求,它不但要求考生认识单词,还要求能写出带有某种要求的单词。这就要求考生平时不断地记忆单词,不断地积累词汇,千方百计地把我们的词汇量提高上去。考试时才能随心如愿地拼写出所需单词,填出固定搭配。
(3)大声朗读,培养语感。语感是一种对语言、语段或词句的感受能力,是一种看不见摸不着的东西,但在解题时又是必不可少的东西。娴熟的语感的形成不是一蹴而就的,要在平时的学习过程中多积累输入,尤其是大声朗读犹为重要。在早读或晚读时间,抛开顾忌,大声朗读,对培养语感是非常重要的。如果通过朗读能够多背诵一些课文、名言佳句是再好不过的了。语感会在朗读和背诵课文的过程中,不知不觉地逐步形成。
(4)坚持不懈,多做练习。语法填空在高考中占了不少比例,非常重要。因此要求考生在考前一段时间要大量练习这种题型,只有坚持练习,不断总结,不断提高,高考时才能处变不惊,轻松应对。
总之,“冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。”备考语法填空题,平时既要积累扎实的基本功,又要掌握一定的解题技巧。只有这样,在高考中我们才能旗开得胜。
五、即时练习
阅读下面短文,根据上下文填入一个适当的词,或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空。
(一)
Fifteen years ago, the Internet was unheard of by most people. Today, the Internet is one of the____1____powerful tools throughout the world. The Internet is a____2____(collect)of various services and resources.
Many fear the Internet because of its disadvantage. They claim(主张)not to use the Internet because they are____3____(simple)not interested or are afraid of the possible consequences . Children using the Internet has become____4____big concern.____5____children talk to others online,they do not realize they could actually be talking to a person who may harm____6____later. There are many examples that children have been convinced to meet people they have talked with online.endprint
The most common thing the Internet is used____7____is research. Children and students are among the top ones____8____use the Internet for research. Today,it is almost required that students use the Internet for research.____9____popular thing to do on the Internet is____10____(check)out the news. Almost all-local news can be got through the Internet.
(二)
Besides their habit of changing addresses,Americans are used to traveling. Some people make long-distance commutes to work____1____(day). Their jobs may even require them to take frequent business trips. Most companies provide____2____annual vacation for their employees,and people often use that time to travel. Some people just visit friends or relatives in distant states.
3____go on low-budget weekend excursions and stay in economy motels. Those____4____more expensive tastes choose luxurious resorts and hotels. Camping out in the great outdoors appeals____5____adventurous types. Some travel in recreational vehicles(RVs)to camp out in comfort,____6____others“rough it”by sleeping in tents.
Most Americans prefer to travel within their nations borders. Why?For one thing,its cheaper than____7____(travel) abroad,and theres no language problem. But____8____that,the vast American territory offers____9____(number)tourist attractions. Nature lovers can enjoy beaches,mountains,canyons,lakes and a wealth of natural wonders. Major cities offer____ 10____
(visit)a multitude of urban delights. The convenience of modern freeways,railways and airplanes makes travel in America as easy as pie.
答案与解析
(一)
1. most 此处为powerful的最高级。
2. collection 本词的前面有不定冠词,后有of结构,构成a collection of 。
3. simply 此处缺乏副词。
4. a 此处为不定冠词。
5. When 时间状语从句。
6. them 填代词they的宾格。
7. for 固定词组 be used for。
8. who 定语从句指代人,作从句的主语。
9. Another 从上文理解可看出此处为另外一件受欢迎的事。
10. (to) check 动词不定式作表语,前面有do, 可以省略to。
(二)
1. daily 每天地,副词。
2. an 每年一度的假期。
3. Others 代词,前面已经出现了some。
4. with 介词,意思是“有”。
5. to 因appeal to是固定结构,表示“吸引”。
6. while 此处为转折,“而”的意思。
7. traveling/to travel
8. besides 介词,从前文看应该是除此之外,还有一个原因。
9. numerous 形容词,意为“众多的,许多的”。
10. visitors 为复数名词,许多的游客。
(作者单位:广州市47中学)
责任编校 蒋小青 陈阳春endprint
The most common thing the Internet is used____7____is research. Children and students are among the top ones____8____use the Internet for research. Today,it is almost required that students use the Internet for research.____9____popular thing to do on the Internet is____10____(check)out the news. Almost all-local news can be got through the Internet.
(二)
Besides their habit of changing addresses,Americans are used to traveling. Some people make long-distance commutes to work____1____(day). Their jobs may even require them to take frequent business trips. Most companies provide____2____annual vacation for their employees,and people often use that time to travel. Some people just visit friends or relatives in distant states.
3____go on low-budget weekend excursions and stay in economy motels. Those____4____more expensive tastes choose luxurious resorts and hotels. Camping out in the great outdoors appeals____5____adventurous types. Some travel in recreational vehicles(RVs)to camp out in comfort,____6____others“rough it”by sleeping in tents.
Most Americans prefer to travel within their nations borders. Why?For one thing,its cheaper than____7____(travel) abroad,and theres no language problem. But____8____that,the vast American territory offers____9____(number)tourist attractions. Nature lovers can enjoy beaches,mountains,canyons,lakes and a wealth of natural wonders. Major cities offer____ 10____
(visit)a multitude of urban delights. The convenience of modern freeways,railways and airplanes makes travel in America as easy as pie.
答案与解析
(一)
1. most 此处为powerful的最高级。
2. collection 本词的前面有不定冠词,后有of结构,构成a collection of 。
3. simply 此处缺乏副词。
4. a 此处为不定冠词。
5. When 时间状语从句。
6. them 填代词they的宾格。
7. for 固定词组 be used for。
8. who 定语从句指代人,作从句的主语。
9. Another 从上文理解可看出此处为另外一件受欢迎的事。
10. (to) check 动词不定式作表语,前面有do, 可以省略to。
(二)
1. daily 每天地,副词。
2. an 每年一度的假期。
3. Others 代词,前面已经出现了some。
4. with 介词,意思是“有”。
5. to 因appeal to是固定结构,表示“吸引”。
6. while 此处为转折,“而”的意思。
7. traveling/to travel
8. besides 介词,从前文看应该是除此之外,还有一个原因。
9. numerous 形容词,意为“众多的,许多的”。
10. visitors 为复数名词,许多的游客。
(作者单位:广州市47中学)
责任编校 蒋小青 陈阳春endprint
The most common thing the Internet is used____7____is research. Children and students are among the top ones____8____use the Internet for research. Today,it is almost required that students use the Internet for research.____9____popular thing to do on the Internet is____10____(check)out the news. Almost all-local news can be got through the Internet.
(二)
Besides their habit of changing addresses,Americans are used to traveling. Some people make long-distance commutes to work____1____(day). Their jobs may even require them to take frequent business trips. Most companies provide____2____annual vacation for their employees,and people often use that time to travel. Some people just visit friends or relatives in distant states.
3____go on low-budget weekend excursions and stay in economy motels. Those____4____more expensive tastes choose luxurious resorts and hotels. Camping out in the great outdoors appeals____5____adventurous types. Some travel in recreational vehicles(RVs)to camp out in comfort,____6____others“rough it”by sleeping in tents.
Most Americans prefer to travel within their nations borders. Why?For one thing,its cheaper than____7____(travel) abroad,and theres no language problem. But____8____that,the vast American territory offers____9____(number)tourist attractions. Nature lovers can enjoy beaches,mountains,canyons,lakes and a wealth of natural wonders. Major cities offer____ 10____
(visit)a multitude of urban delights. The convenience of modern freeways,railways and airplanes makes travel in America as easy as pie.
答案与解析
(一)
1. most 此处为powerful的最高级。
2. collection 本词的前面有不定冠词,后有of结构,构成a collection of 。
3. simply 此处缺乏副词。
4. a 此处为不定冠词。
5. When 时间状语从句。
6. them 填代词they的宾格。
7. for 固定词组 be used for。
8. who 定语从句指代人,作从句的主语。
9. Another 从上文理解可看出此处为另外一件受欢迎的事。
10. (to) check 动词不定式作表语,前面有do, 可以省略to。
(二)
1. daily 每天地,副词。
2. an 每年一度的假期。
3. Others 代词,前面已经出现了some。
4. with 介词,意思是“有”。
5. to 因appeal to是固定结构,表示“吸引”。
6. while 此处为转折,“而”的意思。
7. traveling/to travel
8. besides 介词,从前文看应该是除此之外,还有一个原因。
9. numerous 形容词,意为“众多的,许多的”。
10. visitors 为复数名词,许多的游客。
(作者单位:广州市47中学)
责任编校 蒋小青 陈阳春endprint