B型利钠肽在呼吸系统疾病中的临床应用研究进展

2014-01-22 11:49孙耕耘尤青海
中华肺部疾病杂志(电子版) 2014年4期
关键词:利钠胸腔肺动脉

张 炯 孙耕耘 尤青海

B型利钠肽(B-type natriuretic peptide, BNP)又称脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide),是一种多肽类激素,主要由心室肌细胞合成和分泌,以应对心脏容量和压力负荷的变化。B型利钠肽和氨基末端B型利钠肽(N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP)前体最先被应用于心力衰竭的临床诊断、危险分层和预后评价等,但它们在一些肺部疾病中也具有一定的临床价值。现就BNP和NT-proBNP在呼吸系统疾病中的最新研究进展做一综述。

一、 BNP简介

编码人类的BNP基因位于1号染色体,由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,可编码含有108个氨基酸的BNP前体(proBNP)。ProBNP在进入血液后被非特异性蛋白酶裂解成为含有32个氨基酸的C端片段(BNP)和含有72个氨基酸的N端片段(NT-proBNP)。二者生物学来源相同,但NT-proBNP不具有生物活性,体外稳定性好,半衰期较BNP长(分别约为2 h和20 min),临床检测时不受生理节律、标本采集条件的影响和限制[1]。BNP与利钠肽受体-A(natriuretic peptide receptor-A, NPR-A)结合发挥生物学效应,主要有利钠利尿、舒张血管、抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS)及交感神经活性、抑制血管平滑肌细胞增生和心肌纤维化等。

低浓度BNP与心房利钠肽(arterial natriuretic peptide,ANP)共同储存于心房颗粒中,主要由心室肌细胞的合成、分泌,如心室容量和压力负荷增加时,BNP基因快速表达。因而,在右心功能不全的患者中也可出现BNP和NT-proBNP浓度的升高,且与肺动脉收缩压(pulmonary artery systolic pressure, PASP)成正相关。

二、 BNP与呼吸困难病因鉴别

呼吸困难是诸多呼吸系统疾病,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、肺栓塞、胸腔积液等常见的临床症状,与心源性呼吸困难的鉴别诊断是临床面临的最常见问题。仅凭体格检查和临床症状做出的诊断不够准确且敏感性不高。临床常用辅助检查如X线、超声心动图具有检查仪器不够轻便、不能及时操作、容易延误诊疗时机等局限性,血浆BNP和NT-proBNP浓度的床旁检测,有助于快速明确呼吸困难病因。研究表明,以血浆BNP浓度100 pg/ml为截断值鉴别充血性心力衰竭与其他原因导致的呼吸困难,准确性达83%,灵敏度达90%,特异度为76%,并且其浓度越低,心力衰竭的可能性越小,<50 pg/ml的阴性预测值为96%[2]。血浆NT-proBNP浓度低于300 pg/ml可用于排除心力衰竭,阴性预测值为99%[3]。因此,血浆BNP和NT-proBNP浓度的检测有利于心源性与肺源性呼吸困难病因的鉴别诊断并指导治疗。

三、BNP与多种疾病间的关系

1. BNP与肺动脉高压: 根据BNP的基因表达和分泌机制可知,肺动脉高压通过右心室合成和释放BNP和NT-proBNP,但由于右心室心肌细胞数量远远小于左心室,故研究发现肺动脉高压患者的BNP和NT-proBNP血浆浓度低于心力衰竭患者[4-5]。BNP和NT-proBNP浓度的检测有助于早期发现肺部疾病所致的肺动脉高压[6]。Goto等[7]发现肺动脉高压患者排除左心衰竭和左心室肥大后,BNP浓度与右心导管测量的肺动脉收缩压成正相关,因而可用于预测肺动脉压力。Benza等[8]发现对于肺动脉高压患者,BNP > 180 pg/ml时,1年内死亡率显著增加;NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ、BNP<50 pg/ml、6 min步行距离≥440 m等可增加肺动脉高压患者1年生存率。研究发现在原发型肺动脉高压患者中,血浆BNP水平与平均肺动脉压、总肺血管阻力、右心室舒张末压、NYHA心功能分级呈正相关,与最大摄氧量、心输出量、6 min步行距离呈负相关,与肺毛细血管楔压无关。Agoston-Coldea等[9]研究COPD并发肺动脉高压患者,发现血浆NT-proBNP浓度高于健康对照人群,NT-proBNP对于发现合并右心功能不全具有很高的敏感性和特异性分别为100%和84%。

2. BNP与肺血栓栓塞症: 在右心功能正常的急性肺栓塞患者中,BNP与NT-proBNP浓度常在正常范围内,因而不能用于诊断肺血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism, PTE),但有助于早期发现右心功能不全[10]。Gutte等[11]研究发现在急性肺栓塞患者中,并发右心功能不全患者的BNP浓度为251.0 (103.8~672.4) pg/ml,高于右心功能正常的患者[浓度为19.6(8.2~47.9)pg/ml]。用于诊断右心功能不全的截断值为103 pg/ml,敏感度86%,特异度91%,阳性预测值75%,阴性预测值95%,准确率90%。Pasha等[12]研究表明急性肺栓塞患者的NT-proBNP浓度升高与右心室射血分数、右心室舒张末容量相关,而与左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末容量无关。一项多中心前瞻性临床研究显示,NT-proBNP浓度高于300 pg/ml是非大面积PTE不良预后的预测因子,其预测价值优于D-二聚体、心肌肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白、心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白等指标[13]。右心功能不全、利钠肽浓度升高时,肺栓塞患者的短期死亡率增加[14]。因此,利钠肽浓度的检测可用于肺栓塞患者的危险分层及预后判断,但对发生不良事件的排除价值更有临床意义,其阴性预测值可达99% (95% CI, 97~100)[15]。

3. BNP与慢性阻塞性肺疾病:利钠肽水平在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)稳定期患者中的升高幅度低于急性加重期及心力衰竭患者[16]。BNP和NT-proBNP浓度的检测可用于呼吸困难患者中COPD与心力衰竭的鉴别诊断,并有助于临床医生发现COPD患者合并左心衰竭或肺源性心脏病,并判断预后[17-18]。Stolz等[19]研究显示COPD急性加重期患者血浆BNP浓度[65(34~189) pg/ml]高于恢复期[45 ( 25~85) pg/ml],在入住ICU治疗的患者中显著升高并与治疗时间相关,但与短期或长期死亡率无明显相关性。Lee等[20]分析COPD急性加重患者的血浆NT-proBNP浓度与心功能关系后,发现NT-proBNP浓度的增加与左、右心室功能损伤均有关,并不是由于肺心病或COPD继发的肺动脉高压而单独引起其合成和分泌,但COPD急性加重期左心室功能损害的机制仍未明确。应用利尿剂和/或血管舒张剂等药物可使COPD急性加重患者(无右心功能不全)血浆BNP浓度显著下降[21],二者联合使用时BNP浓度降低更显著。早期应用利尿剂和血管舒张剂可有助于降低COPD急性加重时的右心室压力,减少心脏容量负荷,降低肺血管阻力,使BNP浓度降低。

4. BNP与间质性肺疾病: 血浆BNP和NT-proBNP浓度升高有助于发现间质性肺疾病患者出现肺动脉高压或右心功能衰竭,但不能早期发现潜在或轻度肺动脉高压的存在[22]。有研究表明:间质性肺疾病患者的血浆BNP浓度与肺动脉收缩压、肺血管阻力以及6 min步行试验有关[23]。Song等[24]回顾性分析同时行BNP与超声心动图检查的特发性肺间质纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF)患者临床资料,发现BNP是IPF预后的独立预测因子,并且预后判断的价值优于肺动脉高压,BNP浓度升高患者的一年内死亡率高于浓度正常者(分别为70.5%和23.7%),平均生存时间低于BNP浓度正常者(分别为11个月和22.5个月)。在间质性肺疾病患者中,BNP浓度与右心室收缩压(right ventricular systolic pressure, RVSP)、肺动脉压力有关,BNP ≥ 20 pmol/L时患者死亡率明显升高,且与年龄、性别、肺功能无关[25]。

5. BNP与急性呼吸窘迫综合征: Karmpaliotis等[26]观察了80例缺氧性呼吸衰竭的ICU患者并且X线显示双肺部浸润,其中急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)患者血浆BNP浓度为325(82~767)pg/ml,而充血性心力衰竭患者血浆BNP浓度为1260(541~2020)pg/ml 。ROC曲线下面积显示BNP水平≤200 pg/ml对于诊断ARDS的特异性和阳性预测值为91%,≥1200 pg/ml对于诊断心源性肺水肿的特异性和阳性预测值分别为92%和75%。Komiya等[27]发现C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和BNP鉴别ALI/ARDS与心源性肺水肿的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.831和0.887,二者联合可提高鉴别诊断的准确性(ROC曲线下面积为0.931),并且可以排除因肺炎或败血症导致的血浆BNP浓度升高的急性肺水肿患者。血浆BNP和NT-proBNP浓度在右心功能不全的ARDS患者中明显升高[28-29]。Determann等[30]认为在低潮气量通气的ARDS患者中出现急性肺心病的可能性较小,因而血浆NT-proBNP浓度应低于心力衰竭患者。分析150例机械通气患者的血浆NT-proBNP浓度,发现无ARDS患者的血浆NT-proBNP浓度较低,且不受潮气量大小的影响,当出现ARDS时NT-proBNP水平升高,且与ARDS进展有关,NT-proBNP并不能用于诊断呼吸机导致的肺损伤。一些治疗方法,如液体复苏、升压药物、正压通气等也可使利钠肽浓度升高[31]。

6. BNP与胸腔积液: 有研究证实BNP和NT-proBNP可用于心源性漏出液与其他原因引起胸腔积液的鉴别诊断[32-34]。Marinho等[34]纳入77例胸腔积液患者,其中34例为心力衰竭引起的胸腔积液,43例为其他原因引起的胸腔积液(如肝性胸水、癌性胸水和结核性胸水等)。心力衰竭患者与非心源性胸腔积液患者的血浆BNP浓度分别为748(462~1419) pg/ml和36(13~20)pg/ml;心力衰竭患者与非心源性胸腔积液患者的胸水BNP浓度分别为386(222~638)pg/ml和43(28~90)pg/ml;血浆和胸水BNP用于鉴别心力衰竭与其他原因引起的胸腔积液的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.987和0.949。NT-proBNP半衰期长且在试管中性质稳定,比BNP具有更高的准确性和鉴别效能,因而更有助于临床诊断或排除心力衰竭引起的胸腔积液[35-36]。因此,有学者证实胸水NT-proBNP浓度用于诊断心源性漏出液的敏感性和特异性分别为95%和94%[37-38]。临床常用的Light′s标准用于诊断渗出液敏感性高而特异性低,并且需要实施胸腔穿刺术获得胸水标本,同时,在使用利尿剂治疗的心力衰竭患者中,通过Light′s标准可将大约25%的漏出液误诊为渗出液[32],而血浆NT-proBNP水平升高可用于Light′s标准误诊或未施行胸腔穿刺术的心力衰竭患者的诊断[39-41]。

7. BNP与社区获得性肺炎:血浆BNP和NT-proBNP浓度有助于判断CAP患者疾病严重程度和预后[42-43]。研究报道BNP与肺炎严重度指数(pneumonia severity index, PSI)呈显著正相关[42],社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia, CAP)死亡患者的BNP浓度高于生存患者[分别为439.2 (137.1-1384.6) 和114.3 (51.3-359.6) pg/ml 1,P<0.001];BNP和PSI预测CAP生存率的曲线下面积分别为0.75和0.71,二者无差异。与临床常用炎症指标的对比研究显示,血浆BNP和降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)浓度升高与CAP严重程度成正相关,而CRP、白细胞总数与CAP严重程度不相关[44-45]。血浆BNP和NT-proBNP浓度在CAP患者中升高的机制尚未明确。Christ-Crain等[42]发现CAP患者血浆BNP浓度与氧饱和度无相关性,推测缺氧不是引起BNP浓度升高的主要机制,可能与炎症反应以及交感神经兴奋性增加有关[46-47]。

8. BNP与肺癌: 研究发现肺小细胞肺癌细胞中能检测到BNP基因表达,而Masago等[48]发现非小细胞肺癌患者血浆BNP浓度的平均值和中位数分别为11.5、22.4 pg/ml,有远处转移的肺癌患者BNP浓度低于无远处转移的患者,但与患者生存期无明显相关性。血浆NT-proBNP浓度在合并心肌或心包浸润的非小细胞肺癌中显著升高,是发现非小细胞肺癌合并心脏转移的一项敏感指标。

9. BNP与手术: 术后房颤(postoperative atrial fibrillation, POAF)发生在18%非心脏开胸手术术后患者中,也是肺切除术后的常见并发症[49-50]。Nojiri等[49]分别观察了87例施行肺切除手术的肺癌患者术前和术后第1、3、7天的血浆BNP浓度。结果表明术前血浆BNP浓度升高的患者在肺切除术后更易并发心房颤动,术前血浆BNP浓度是预测术后发生心房颤动的独立因素,同时,并发心房颤动的患者血浆BNP浓度在术后显著升高。

10. BNP与阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征: Usui等[51]检测了235例符合阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep Apnoea, OSA)患者的血浆BNP浓度值,其中合并左心室肥大患者的血浆BNP浓度高于未合并左心室肥大患者,合并心室舒张功能不全患者血浆BNP浓度高于心室功能正常患者。OSA患者严重程度增加,左心室肥大和舒张功能不全发生的概率增加,血浆BNP浓度升高可反映严重OSA患者更易发生左心室肥大。一项以社区为基础的女性OSA样本研究显示: 夜间睡眠呼吸暂停的严重程度与清晨血浆BNP浓度呈剂量反应关系[52]。

BNP与NT-proBNP不仅可作为心脏标记物反映心脏结构和功能的变化,在一些呼吸系统疾病中也可升高,因此可以将其与心力衰竭等心脏疾病相鉴别,同时可作为部分肺部疾病严重程度和预后的判断指标。临床医生对待利钠肽浓度升高的患者,应综合分析和考虑,以免误诊和漏诊。

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