左伟 综述 吴志宏 邱贵兴 审校
(中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院骨科,北京100730)
骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是一种严重危害人类健康的慢性进行性骨关节疾病,是导致患者疼痛和失去劳动能力的常见原因之一[1]。超过60岁人群中37%以上患有OA[2]7年,因OA行膝关节置换的患者占膝关节置换总人数的97%,因OA行髋关节置换的患者占髋关节置换总人数的83%[3]。OA的病因尚不明确,目前主要认为是由软骨的合成代谢与分解代谢失衡所致[4-6],OA的发生可能是多因素作用的结果,包括遗传因素、年龄、性别(女性)、创伤、肥胖等[7]。越来越多的证据表明肥胖与OA的发生密切相关[8-10]。传统观点认为,一些承重关节,特别是膝、髋关节发生OA是由肥胖引起的关节负荷增加所致[11],且研究发现OA患者减肥后症状会得到明显缓解[12,13]。但临床研究发现,除负重关节外,非负重关节如手指间关节发生OA也与肥胖呈正相关[14,15];此外还发现,与体重减少相比,体脂减少与OA症状改善的关系更为紧密[16]。众多研究者将目光集中到长期以来被认为是惰性组织的脂肪。
近年来研究发现,脂肪组织不仅是一个储备能量的器官,同时也是一个具有多种内分泌、自分泌和旁分泌功能的重要内分泌器官,参与全身稳态的调节。通过分泌多种激素信号调节分子,脂肪组织与中枢神经系统、免疫系统及其他内分泌器官保持密切联系[17]。除白细胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎性因子,脂肪细胞还能合成分泌一种叫脂肪因子的生物活性蛋白。目前发现的脂肪因子有数十种,主要包括瘦素、脂联素、内脂素、抵抗素等[18]。脂肪因子具有多种功能,目前认为其参与了食物摄取、糖脂代谢、能量调节、胰岛素敏感性、骨形成和血管形成等生理过程,并与炎症、癌症、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病以及自身免疫性疾病密切相关[19,20]。脂联素是血浆中含量最丰富的脂肪因子,约占循环血总血浆蛋白的0.01%,并且是至今发现的唯一与肥胖呈负相关的脂肪细胞特异性蛋白[21,22]。研究发现,脂联素参与多种生理和病理过程,如心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、代谢综合征等[19],与OA的关系也日益得到骨科学者们的重视。
脂联素也称为acrp30,是Scherer等[23]发现的一种脂肪因子,主要由白色脂肪组织分泌,与胶原蛋白Ⅹ和Ⅷ、补体C1q及TNF-α在结构上同源,其基因定位于3q27,长16 kb,由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,翻译产物是一种分子量为28 kDa的蛋白质,其一级结构为244个氨基酸,包含一个N端信号序列、一个可变结构域、一个胶原样结构域(尾)和一个C端球状结构域(头),其中N端信号序列由18个氨基酸组成,可变结构域由24个氨基酸组成,胶原样结构域(重复胶原蛋白序列)由65个糖基化或羟基化的氨基酸组成,C端球状结构域由137个氨基酸组成[23,24]。脂联素翻译后经羟基化和糖基化修饰,通过球状结构域和胶原样结构域生成3个多聚体形式:低分子量(LMW)的三聚体,中分子量(MMW)的六聚体和由12个及更多单体组成的高分子量(HMW)多聚体[25]。脂联素各亚型在循环中稳定,半衰期>15 h,在体内不被明显降解或转化,血中无法常规检测到其单体,但可以测出其浓度很低的球状域的小片段[26,27]。
脂联素主要通过其受体发挥作用,人脂联素受体Adipo R1和Adipo R2由Yamauchi等[28]发现,Adipo Rl基因定位于染色体lp36.13~q41和1FA,Adipo R2基因定位于染色体12p13.31和6F1,Adipo Rl和Adipo R2的结构高度相关,有66.7%的同源性。人的Adipo R1和Adipo R2均已克隆成功,研究发现它们对循环血中不同形式的脂联素亲和力有所不同:Adipo R1对球状域脂联素有较高的亲和力,但对全长脂联素的亲和力较低,Adipo R2对两种形式脂联素的亲和力均为中等。多种组织表达脂联素受体,骨骼肌表达丰富的Adipo R1,内皮细胞和其他组织中也有表达;Adipo R2则主要在肝脏中表达[29]。Adipo R1和Adipo R2均为完整的膜蛋白,N末端在胞内,C末端在胞外,由Adipo R1和Adipo R2转导的信号涉及AMPK/p38/IKKaβ、核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)、过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体(peroxisome proliferator activated receptors,PPAR)-α、PPAR-γ等信号通路的激活,特异性阻断Adipo R1和Adipo R2后,脂联素作用终止[30]。
近期研究发现,OA患者的脂肪组织和滑膜成纤维细胞能分泌脂联素,OA患者的软骨、骨、滑膜成纤维细胞也能表达脂联素受体[31]。脂联素之所以被认为参与了OA的发展,主要是基于以下几点:①OA患者血清中脂联素水平明显高于正常人,且和软骨的退变呈正相关[32];②女性侵蚀性手OA患者血清中的脂联素水平明显高于非侵蚀性的手OA患者,提示脂联素可能和软骨的破坏有关[33]。目前关于脂联素在OA发病中的作用尚存较大争议。Chen等[34]研究发现人软骨细胞、骨和滑膜组织能表达Adipo R1,但几乎不表达Adipo R2,脂联素刺激软骨细胞能上调OA患者软骨细胞金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1,TIMP)-2的表达,并且能下调由IL-1β引起的基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMP)-13的分泌;lee等[35]发现胶原诱导性关节炎小鼠模型给以脂联素能降低小鼠关节TNF-α、IL-1、MMP-3的表达,减轻关节的炎症程度;Uchida等[36]发现原发性OA模型STR/Ot血清中脂联素水平明显低于正常对照组。上述观点认为脂联素对OA可能是一种保护作用。但更多学者得出相反的结论,Lago等[37]研究表明,软骨组织和软骨细胞既表达Adipo R1,也表达Adipo R2,脂联素刺激小鼠软骨细胞系ATDC5细胞、人软骨细胞能促进一氧化氮合酶的生成,也能通过磷酯酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)促进IL-6、MMP-3、MMP-9和单核细胞趋化蛋白(monocyte chemoattractant protein,MCP)-1的分泌;Ehing等[38]研究表明,用脂联素刺激培养的人关节滑膜成纤维细胞能通过p38MAPK信号通路诱导IL-6和MMP-1的表达;Choi等[39]发现脂联素能通过刺激滑膜成纤维细胞释放血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、MMP-1、MMP-13等促进关节软骨的破坏,Koskinen等[40]发现重度OA患者(Ahlback分级4,5级)与轻度OA患者(Ahlback分级1,2级)相比,血清中脂联素浓度和软骨释放出的脂联素浓度较高,血清中脂联素浓度与OA的软骨降解生物学标记物软骨寡聚基质蛋白(cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP)和MMP-3呈正相关;在软骨细胞体外培养中,脂联素与一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、IL-6和MMP-3的释放量呈正相关,当软骨细胞给以脂联素刺激时,NO、MMP-1、MMP-3、MMP-13的表达水平与非刺激组相比明显上调,而TIMP-1的表达不受影响,说明脂联素可能具有前炎症因子的作用。
Kang等[41]发现OA患者关节液中的脂联素水平和蛋白多糖的降解产物呈正相关,与Hao等[42]的研究结果类似,脂联素刺激软骨细胞,产生更多的是一些炎性因子或是促进软骨降解的化合物,这和Chen等[34]的结果正好相反。结果的不同可能因为实验条件不同:①软骨细胞来源不同,Chen等实验用的软骨细胞来源于不同病变程度的OA膝关节,选用的细胞为第3~7代,而Kang等选用的组织来源于K-L分级3~4级的患者,实验用的细胞是原代细胞,而软骨细胞在不同培养环境和不同细胞代次的生物学行为不同[43]。②脂联素的形式不同,正常人外周血循环中脂联素有3种形式:LMW、MMW和HMW,每种形式脂联素的生物学效应也有较大差别,HMW脂联素认为具有前炎性因子的作用[44,45],而LMW脂联素对人白细胞和单核细胞具有抑制炎性因子释放的作用[46,47]。Kang等使用的脂联素是从HEK293细胞来源的全长型脂联素,大部分为HMW或MMW[48],这和关节液中脂联素的分布情况类似[34],而大肠杆菌来源的全长型脂联素缺乏HMW形式[48]。③脂联素的来源不同,即使是同一形式的脂联素,来源不同,所发挥的生物学效应也可能不同,来源于哺乳动物的脂联素可能比来源于细菌的脂联素具有更强的生物学活性[48,49]。Chen等[34]实验中使用的脂联素是细菌来源,因而脂联素的炎性效应可能还未完全表现出来。脂联素主要是通过其受体Adipo R1和Adipo R2来发挥作用,受体下游的信号通路也有所不同,受体Adipo R1主要通过MAPK信号通路来发挥作用,而受体Adipo R2主要是通过PPAR-α来发挥作用,chen等[34]认为软骨细胞只表达受体Adipo R1,后来研究者发现软骨细胞表面不仅表达受体Adipo R1,还表达受体Adipo R2[37,41],Kang等[41]研究发现,OA患者软骨损伤区的Adipo R1和Adipo R2表达明显强于非损伤区,即使是同一患者,不同部位软骨细胞的生物学效应也可能不一样。
一般认为血中脂联素水平与体质指数(body mass index,BMI),特别是内脏脂肪量呈负相关[50]。但目前有关OA和类风湿性关节炎患者的临床研究发现,脂联素水平和BMI在OA患者中并没有相关性[40,51,52],Hao等[42]的研究也发现,OA患者血清中的脂联素水平和BMI并不相关。这可能是因为血循环中脂联素水平受多种因素的调节,如激素水平、营养状态、药物作用等,且除白色脂肪外,其他组织也能够合成和分泌脂联素[50],也可能OA本身比BMI更能影响血中脂联素水平[40]。
关于OA患者血清中脂联素水平明显高于正常人[32],也有人提出相反的结论,Honsawek和Chayanupatkul[53]发现在K-L分级晚期的OA患者中脂联素水平反而低于分级较轻的患者,考虑到性别、年龄和BMI等因素后,外周血脂联素水平和病变程度无相关性,但关节液脂联素水平差异仍具有统计学意义。Yusuf等[54]报道在6年随访中发现高水平脂联素能降低影像学上手OA进展的风险,这与当前大部分研究结果不同,可能是因为脂联素检测方法不同,或是患者入选标准及研究方法不同,或是因为手OA和膝关节OA的病理过程不一致等原因引起。
目前,脂联素在OA中的作用还存在较大争议,有些观点甚至相反。不过大部分研究认为OA的发生与脂联素水平密切相关,其具体机制有待进一步研究。
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