陈晓水,侯宏卫,边照阳,唐纲岭,胡清源
(国家烟草质量监督检验中心,河南 郑州 450001)
质谱与色谱(气相或液相)联用既发挥了色谱技术高效的分离能力,又结合了质谱特异的鉴别能力。尽管质谱谱图鉴定化合物的结构比单纯依据色谱保留时间定性更准确,然而一级质谱谱图在确定化合物的结构方面仍然存在以下困难:1)有些同分异构体之间的差别很小,或者在复杂样品中存在严重基体干扰物质及共流出物,较难鉴定目标物的分子结构;2)GC/MS的灵敏度低于色谱仪的一些选择性检测器。MS/MS(二级质谱)在应用时相当于一级质谱做色谱用,对离子进行再次分离,二级质谱进行检测,这样可以使基质背景和噪音大大降低,从而提高分析的灵敏度。二级质谱技术已在环境分析、食品分析和生物分析等领域得到了广泛的应用。
二级质谱最基本的工作原理是[1-2]:选择合适的电离方式将目标物电离为碎片离子,从一级MS的碎片离子中筛选特征的碎片离子为母离子;母离子与气体(常用的气体有He、CH4、Ar等)进行碰撞诱导裂解,使母离子裂解产生子离子;收集子离子,得到目标物的二级质谱谱图,其分析操作模式主要有子离子扫描(product-ion scan)、母离子扫描(precursor-ion scan)、中性丢失扫描(neutral-loss scan)和多反应监测(multireaction monitoring,MRM)。二级质谱的主要优势在于其高选择性和高灵敏度,以及对复杂基质的抗干扰能力。按其二级结构和工作原理的不同,可分为三重四极杆质谱(QQQ-MS/MS)、离子阱质谱(IT-MS/MS)、四极杆飞行时间质谱(Q-TOF MS)和四极杆-线性离子阱质谱(Q-trap-MS/MS)等。
截至2012-06-28,在ISI-Web of science数据库中检索,主题为“GC-MS/MS”or“gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry”,共 检索出1 125篇相关文献;若把时间设定为“2000~2012”,共有887篇,具体情况示于图1。
图1 2000~2012与“GC-MS/MS”相关的文献(数据来源:Web of Science)Fig.1 The related literatures about“GC-MS/MS”between 2000and 2012(data source:Web of Science)
由图1可知,与GC-MS/MS相关的应用文献每年都不太多,直到2010年才超过100篇/年,但总体趋势是呈缓慢上升的,而且自1983年第一篇相关文献问世后,大部分工作也是在2000年后才发表的。
与发表文献数的缓慢增长不同,相关文献的被引频数则呈急剧增长的趋势,2011年被引频次已经达到2 370次,平均每篇被引频次约16次。
GC-MS/MS在分析化学、生物化学和环境科学等学科应用较多,而且其中很多文献的内容处于交叉领域,如 Camino-Sanchez等[3]利用加压液相萃取-搅拌棒吸附萃取法(PLE-SBSE)处理海洋沉积物,并采用热解吸进样检测其中的86种持久性有机污染物(POPs),既属于环境科学,又属于化学分析方法的建立。
图1c只是从大致的学科方向进行分类,本研究通过对2000~2012年的887篇文献进行选读、筛选和整合,对GC-MS/MS的具体应用方向进行综述。
2.2.1 农药残留分析 共有236篇文献与农残相关,是GC-MS/MS应用最多的,这一点是由仪器的性能指标和实际的工作需要所决定的。
食品安全问题一直是热点问题,随着日本一齐法和欧盟农药限量的提出,其对农药残留的分析要求也越来越严格。灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强、可同时对上百种农药进行扫描分析的GCMS/MS方法得到了人们的青睐。
农残分析的基质样品种类繁多,主要有水果、蔬菜、茶、酒、烟、水、海产品、饲料、人参、葡萄、绿豆、石榴、芒果、橄榄油、血、蛋、胡萝卜、蜂蜜、大米、胡椒、谷物、水果汁、婴儿食品、肉、奶粉等。
2000年,Vidal等[4]采用 GC-ECD 和 GCMS/MS分析人血液中的硫丹及其代谢物,发现两者的检测限(LOD)分别为0.03μg/L和0.05 μg/L,但GC-MS/MS的抗基质干扰能力更强。Frenich等[5]同样利用 GC-ECD 和 GC-MS/MS分析人血液中的有机氯农药(如林丹,艾氏剂,DDT等),发现两者取得了较一致的结果。
2001年,Gamon等[6]利用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷-石油醚液液萃取的方法检测水果和蔬菜中的80种农药残留,包括有机氯、有机磷、有机氮和拟除虫菊酯类,同时对比分析了不同的离子化方式(EIvsCI)对化合物的响应影响。
2002年,Takeda等[7]对比分析离子阱质谱在 GC-MS-SIM 和GC-MS/MS不同模式下对洋葱、胡萝卜、大米等农产品中农药残留检测的差异,发现35种农药的检测限在两种分析模式下差异不大,变异系数在50μg/L的加标水平下大部分也都可以接受。MS/MS仅仅在抗基质干扰上比SIM-MS有优势。
2005年,Gonzalez-Rodriguez等[8]利用固相微萃取技术提取奶粉中的农药及其代谢物,检测限可达0.02~1.00μg/L。对15份商业奶粉、3份母乳和17份山羊奶进行考察,在母乳和山羊奶中都发现了滴滴伊(DDE)的代谢物。
2008年,Frenich等[9]对比气相色谱与三重四极杆(QQQ)和离子阱(IT)两种二级质谱联用在分析19种农残时的特性差异,基质考察为黄瓜和鸡蛋。质谱参数和日内标准偏差两者无差异,但日间标准偏差IT优于QQQ;QQQ的线性范围更宽,线性度更好;在黄瓜中二者基质效应差异不大,但在鸡蛋中QQQ受基质效应的影响HOIT更小。
2010年,Wong等[10]利用 GC-MS/SIM 和GC-MS/MS分析了不同水果和蔬菜中的167种农药残留。对苹果、西兰花、胡萝卜、洋葱、橙子、梨、桃子、土豆、菠菜、西红柿在内的10种农产品均采用QuEChERS方法进行前处理,乙腈提取后,盐析分层,用不同的吸附剂(PSA、C18、GCB等)进行分散固相萃取净化。对比发现,二级质谱表现出更高的选择性和特异性。
农药检测的一般流程包括提取、净化、浓缩和上样分析。GC-MS/MS等高灵敏度检测技术的普及,使得样品预处理的工作变得更为重要。前处理方法主要有溶剂萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、加压液相萃取、超临界流体萃取、QuEChERS方法、微波辅助萃取等。
2007年,Lambropoulou等[11]对利用色谱-质谱联用法分析农药残留的前处理方法进行了总结,其主要参考文献在2007年之前。为避免重复,本研究仅对2007~2012年的部分文献进行整理,总结GC-MS/MS在农药残留方向的应用,列于表1。
由表1可知,在利用GC-MS/MS作为检测手段时,最常用的前处理方法是QuEChERS法(“溶剂萃取然后分散固相萃取净化”的方法与之类似),其特点是前处理简单,耗时短,溶剂消耗量少,能对几十种、上百种农药目标物进行同时提取和净化,但相对于SPE净化方法来说,其最终提取液的共萃取基质含量也要高。与抗干扰能力强的二级质谱联用,不仅克服了基质干扰和大部分的假阳性问题,而且使二级质谱的优点得到充分的发挥,因此QuEChERS方法得以迅速发展。QQQ比IT的应用范围广,大部分目标物的回收率能满足多农残分析的要求(70%~120%),定量限(LOQ)一般在1~100ng/g之间,可以满足农药残留限量的要求。
表1 2007~2012年GC-MS/MS应用于农药残留分析的部分文献总结Table 1 Part of the literatures in“2007—2012”applying the“GC-MS/MS”in the analysis of pesticide residues
2.2.2 环境污染物 分析的目标物主要有多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、二噁英(PCDD/Fs)等,其结构示于图2,相关文献150篇左右。
多环芳烃是由石油、木材、烟草等不完全燃烧产生的,分子中含有2个以上苯并环的碳氢化合物,主要危害在于其致癌性。研究表明,以苯并芘为代表的PAHs与肺癌、皮肤癌有关。环境中的PAH主要通过饮食进入人体,因此,对食物、大气和水中的PAH分析一直是人们研究的热点。
多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚结构类似,主要危害性在于两者在环境中都有超长的残留周期,在生物和人体脂肪组织中累积,从而对人造成持久性的伤害。二噁英也是一类持久性污染物,易在脂肪中富集,而且它的毒性特别强,是氰化钾(KCN)毒性的1 000倍。同多环芳烃类似,人类接触多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚和二噁英的主要途径也是食物、水和空气等。
对2000~2012年利用GC-MS/MS进行以上4类目标物分析的文献资料进行整合,列于表2。
图2 四类环境污染物的结构示意图Fig.2 The structure of the four types of environmental pollutants
表2 2000~2012年GC-MS/MS应用于四类环境污染物分析的部分文献的总结Table 2 The summary of the literatures about GC-MS/MS applied to the analysis of four types of environmental pollutants between 2000and 2012
续表
与农残分析不同的是,在这几种环境污染物的分析中,IT-MS/MS的应用居多,这可能是由于离子阱质谱可实现比二级更高的多级质谱联用功能,对痕量化合物的定性更有效,而且相对于三重四极杆质谱来讲,其价格便宜,因此应用更多。从时间上来讲,QQQ的普及比IT要晚,由表2可知,最近几年来,QQQ应用于这4类环境污染物的分析也逐渐增加。基于QQQ-MS/MS在定量上的优越性,随着该类型仪器的普及,将在未来工作中发挥重要的作用。
前处理方法中应用最多的是加压液相萃取(PLE),通过提高温度和压力,从而减少萃取溶剂的使用量,提高分析速率,减少样品的前处理时间。Pena等[35]利用选择加压液相萃取(SPLE)方法处理污水污泥,选择温度140℃,压力1.0×107Pa,正己烷作为萃取溶剂,用 GCIT-MS/MS分析其中的多环芳烃。在萃取小池中加入吸附剂做净化,从而省去了单独的净化步骤,回收率为84.8%~106.6%,定量限(LOQ)为1~5ng/g。Vidal等[36]同样采用PLE处理农耕土壤,用QQQ-MS/MS检测其中的24种多环芳烃和27种多氯联苯,回收率为70%~112%,定量限为0.07~2.5ng/g。
其它处理方法还有液液萃取(LLE)、固相微萃取(SPME)和 QuEChERS等。Fontana等[40]用改进的QuEChERS方法处理生物样品(鱼、鸡、蛋等)提取液,超声波辅助萃取后用C18进行基质分散固相萃取净化,得到多溴联苯醚的检测限为0.05ng/g。
2.2.3 激素类以及药物滥用(大麻等) 有100余篇文献与该内容相关。主要的研究内容是通过对血液、尿液、毛发、排泄物和废水中兴奋剂、大麻及其代谢物、动物生长促进剂、雌激素等进行分析检测,进而考察人体和动物的药物滥用及其生理健康状况等。
2011年,Saito等[60]对不同生物样本中药物滥用状况分析进行综述,作者认为LC-MS/MS是应用最多的仪器。同时,鉴于GC-MS(/MS)在定性及抗基质干扰上的优越性,也是不可或缺的分析方法。
对近年来与该方向相关的部分GC-MS/MS文献进行总结,列于表3。
表3 2000~2012年GC-MS/MS用于类固醇激素和药物滥用分析的部分文献总结Table 3 The summary of the literatures about GC-MS/MS applied to the analysis of steroid hormones and abuse drugs between 2000and 2012
由表3可知,主要的分析基质有尿液、头发、血液、废水等。而目标物主要是类固醇激素、大麻、咖啡因、可卡因等内分泌干扰素,进样前一般需要衍生化,EI源(电子电离)的应用较多。
2006年,Musshoff等[78]对不同生物基质中大麻及其代谢物的生物监测进行综述,指出尿液分析有利于判定是否戒除大麻;而血液分析可用于大麻使用后的一些急性效应;虽然头发中大麻及其代谢物的含量相对较低,但头发作为分析对象具有其独特的优点,如取样的无侵害性,室温保存等。作者指出GC-MS/MS的应用可解决头发中大麻含量低的问题,由表3可知,近两年来采用GC-MS/MS分析头发中大麻及其代谢物的工作已不少。
2009年,Duffy等[75]对比了 GC-MS/MS和LC-MS/MS分析牛毛中类固醇激素的优劣。前处理方法类似,LC法不需要衍生化,但离子抑制(基质效应)可能比较明显,通过对几十个样品的检测对比分析,发现两者的结果一致性较好,在定 量 限 上,GC-MS/MS 要 稍 微 好 于 LCMS/MS。
2009年,Grover等[74]在分析环境水样中雌激素时,对比了 GC/MS、GC-MS/MS 和 LCMS/MS 3种不同的分析方法。结果表明,GC/MS在分析低含量的目标物时,会出现假阴性结果。二级质谱结果较好,但LC-MS/MS基质效应较严重,从而影响了灵敏度。GC-MS/MS的检测限最低,无假阳性判定,是3种方法中最好的,但进样前需要衍生化,可能不利于样品的高通量处理。
除了2.2.1~2.2.3这3大类应用较多外,GC-MS/MS其它的应用比较分散:如吸烟者尿液中4-氨基联苯的检测,血液中丙烯酰胺及其代谢物,奶粉和鸡蛋中三聚氰胺的鉴定等。
截至到2013-04-10,在中国知网CNKI数据库中检索,SU(主题)为“气相色谱-串联质谱”,共检出206篇中文文献,其中190篇文献都发表在2008年以后。
与国外相同的是,国内GC-MS/MS应用最广泛的同样是农药残留方向,有1/3文献与之相关。多环芳烃、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的检测分析也与国外类似。另外,国内近年来相关文献较多的还有三聚氰胺、瘦肉精、塑化剂等目标物的检测,这主要是受国内食品安全事件的影响而造成的。
通过对比分析国内外GC-MS/MS的应用发现,国内在这一技术应用方面的工作开展较晚,但已经取得长足的进步,尤其是在农药残留检测方面。以烟草领域的农残检测为例,国际上以GC-MS/MS应用于烟草农残的工作开展较早,分别由瑞士人于2003年[79]、韩国人于2008年[28]完成,但未见后续报道,而且农药检测指标也只有约50种左右。近年来,国内已有报道[80-81]应用 GC-MS/MS将烟草中的待检农药目标物扩充到100余种,并对前处理方法进行改进。
另外,伴随着食品安全事件的层出不穷,相关GC-MS/MS检测方法受到越来越多研究者的关注。
1)随着各大仪器公司纷纷推出自己的GCMS/MS产品,并考虑到二级质谱相对于一级质谱的优越性和广泛适用性,GC-MS/MS的应用将越来越广泛。
不同种类的二级质谱中,QQQ-MS/MS由于其精确的定量性能逐渐普及,其市场占有率将进一步增加。
2)综合来看,GC-MS/MS应用最广泛的方向在于农药残留、多环芳烃、多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚、二噁英和类固醇激素等一系列环境污染物的分析和检测。
由农药残留分析的发展来看,常规实验室对多种农药残留普查分析的方法将由原来的多个并行方法逐渐统一为 GC-MS/MS和 LC-MS/MS两个多残留分析方法,一次前处理,分别GC或LC-MS/MS进样,从而完成对大部分农药的筛查工作。而对多环芳烃等4种环境污染物的分析则一直是GC应用的优势项目,因为这些目标物热稳定、极性小,利用GC-MS/MS可以同时对多种目标物进行定性定量分析。类固醇激素等作为运动员兴奋剂检测和动物生长促进剂普查的必备项目,也一直受到广泛的关注,GCMS/MS的优势在于其较弱的基质效应,从而可以减少假阳性的判定。
总之,由于其灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强,随着气相色谱-串联质谱仪器的普及,对样品的净化处理要求降低,前处理方法将更加简单、快速。而对于农药残留、环境污染物和激素药物滥用的检测分析将仍然是 GC-MS/MS应用的主流方向。
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