郭晓丽
宾语从句在初中英语语法中有着相当重要的地位,几乎每年的中考都有对宾语从句不同角度的考查。笔者认真研读了近年来有关宾语从句的中考题,发现其考查的重点一般都集中在以下几个方面:
一、考查宾语从句的连接词
(1)由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无实在意义,在口语和非正式文体中常省略。
例.Miss Liu said ____ she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk. 【A】
A.that B.where C.which D.what
(2)由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。
例.I don't know ____ he still lives here. 【D】
A.where B.what C.when D.whether
应试规律:当if和whether(表示“是否”)引导宾语从句时,应注意以下几种情况:
a.介词之后的宾语从句,只能用whether连接,而不用if。
b.在具有选择意义又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether;
c.动词不定式之前,只能用whether。
(3)由特殊疑问句充当宾语从句时,只需用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。
例:—Be careful! Don't break the bottles. Do you hear ____ I said, Jim?
—Yes, mum. 【A】
A.what B.that C.why D.if
例:—Do you know ____miss Gao will leave?
—Tomorrow morning. 【A】
A.when B.what C.who D.where
二、考查宾语从句的语序
总的来说,无论原句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都应用陈述语序。即:“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。根据连接词在从句中所担任的成分不同,可分为:
(1)连接词在从句中作主语时,其語序为:“连接词+谓语+其他”。常见的连接词有:who, what等。
例:Could you tell me ____?【B】
A.where is the post office B.who knows the answer
C.what are they doing D.when does the shop open
例:Can you tell me ____? 【A】
A.what's wrong with the bike
B.what wrong is with the bike
C.what the bike is wrong with
D.what wrong is the bike with
考题分析:what's wrong with…?是一个特殊疑问句。而同学们在学习宾语从句时,老师反复强调从句部分应用陈述句语序,所以许多同学在阅读后,常迅速排除A项。殊不知,此处what在从句中充当主语,what's wrong with the bike正是陈述句语序,故正确答案为A项。
(2)当连接词在从句中充当宾语、状语或表语时,其语序为:“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。常见的连接词有:what, where, which, how many, how far, why等。
例.The students are studying hard, for they know ____. 【C】
A.what are they studying for
B.what are they studying
C.what they are studying for
D.why they are studying for
例:You must remember ____.【A】
A.what your teacher said
B.what did your teacher say
C.your teacher said what
D.what has your teacher said
例:I don't know ____. 【C】
A.which room I can live
B.which room can I live
C.which room I can live in
D.which room can I live in
考题分析:如果连接词在宾语从句中充当不及物动词后介词的宾语,并被放到从句句首时,不及物动词后的介词不能少。
(3)当连接词在从句中作宾语的定语时,其语序为“连接词+宾语+主语+谓语+其他”。常见的连接词有:what, which等。
例:—I hear we'll have a new teacher this term.
—Really? Do you know ____? 【D】
A.what subject does he teach B.what subject will he teach
C.what subject is he going to teach D.what subject he teaches
三、考查宾语从句的时态
在宾语从句中,从句的动词时态要与主句的动词时态相呼应,其主要考点包括以下三点:
(1)如主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要选用相应的任何时态。
例:—Do you know ____? I'm going to see him.
—Sorry, I don't know. 【C】
A.where does Mr Li live
B.where did Mr Li live
C.where Mr Li lives
D.where Mr Li lived
(2)如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,从句的谓语动词应根据需要,选择相应的过去时态。
例:He asked me ____. 【C】
A.who did kick the first goal in the World Cup
B.when was the APEC meeting held
C.when China became a member of the WTO
D.where the 2008 Olympics will be held
(3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句是什么时态,从句的时态都用现在时。
例:When I was young, my grandfather told me that the moon ____ around the earth. 【A】
A.goes B.to go C.went D.had gone
例:The teacher told us that light ____ much faster than sound. 【A】
A.travels B.travelled C.would travel D.had traveled
四、注意几个事项
(1)由陈述句变成宾语从句时,要注意人称的变化。
例:She said: “I have been to England before.”
—She said that she had been to England before.
例:She asked me: “Do you like maths?”
—She asked me if I liked maths.
(2)宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句,如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时,可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
例:I dont know what I should do next.
—I dont know what to do next.
例:He didnt know where he would live.
—He didnt know where to live.
(3)Could you tell me…是用來征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去。
例:Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?
五、考查两个易混点
在复合句中,when和if不但可以引导宾语从句,也可引导状语从句,因此要分析整句话所表达的意义,特别要注意分清是宾语从句还是状语从句。
(1)if引导宾语从句时(意为“是否”),其时态应和主句时态相呼应。当它引导条件状语从句时(意为“如果”),如主句时态是将来时,从句时态应用现在时代替将来时。
例.Do you know if ____ back next week? If he ____ back, please let me know. 【C】
A.he comes;will come
B.will he come;comes
C.he will come;comes
D.will he come;will come
(2)when引导宾语从句时(意为“何时”),其时态应和主句时态相呼应。当它引导时间状语从句时(意为“当……时候”),如主句是将来时,从句时态应用现在时代替将来时。
例:—Do you know when he ____ back? 【C】
—Sorry, I don't. When he ____ back, I'll tell you.
A.comes;comes B.comes;will come
C.will come;comes D.will come;will come
总之,关于宾语从句的语法知识虽然繁多,但各地中考对该考点的考查都集中体现在以上几点上,所以只要让学生复习时多加注意,自然会收到预期的效果:①抓准考点,对其逐一归纳,形成知识的网络。②考前进行适当的专项训练,增强解题能力。③紧扣易混知识点进行对比记忆和练习,提高复习的效率。