四例贝伐单抗所致肾损害临床和病理特征分析

2012-11-21 08:46李龙芸文煜冰王孟昭
中国医学科学院学报 2012年2期
关键词:贝伐系膜蛋白尿

赵 静,李 航,张 力,钟 巍,李龙芸,文煜冰,王孟昭

·论著·

四例贝伐单抗所致肾损害临床和病理特征分析

赵 静1,李 航2,张 力1,钟 巍1,李龙芸1,文煜冰2,王孟昭1

中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院1呼吸内科2肾内科,北京 100730

目的探讨贝伐单抗所致肾损害的临床和病理特征。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院4例使用贝伐单抗后出现明显肾损害而行肾活检患者的临床和肾脏病理资料。结果4例患者中男、女性各2例;年龄43~67岁,平均(56.5±11.5)岁;非小细胞肺癌3例(75%)、胰腺癌1例(25%)。贝伐单抗治疗前肾功能正常3例(75%),存在轻度肾功能损害1例(25%)。出现严重肾功能损害并行肾脏活检时,贝伐单抗所使用的疗程数为2~14次。蛋白尿(4例,100%)是贝伐单抗所致肾损害的主要临床表现,均大于3.5g/d;镜下血尿2例(50%);恶性高血压1例(25%);血清肌酐升高1例(25%),表现急性肾功能衰竭;无尿1例(25%)。肾活检病理类型:血栓性微血管病2例(50%)、膜增生性肾小球肾炎1例(25%)、良性肾小球动脉硬化 1例(25%)。肾损害后采取的治疗措施:4例(100%)全部停止使用贝伐单抗;1例急性肾功能衰竭患者合并使用血液透析治疗。预后良好,1例患者(25%)尿蛋白消失,肾功能恢复正常;3例(75%)仍持续性蛋白尿,但程度减轻,肾功能正常。结论贝伐单抗所致肾损害机制复杂,使用时需密切监测肾功能和尿蛋白变化,以便早期发现,及时停药,大部分患者预后良好。

贝伐单抗;肾损害;蛋白尿;肾活检

ActaAcadMedSin,2012,34(2):153-158

贝伐单抗是一种重组人源化抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)单克隆抗体,能与VEGF结合,阻断VEGF与受体结合,抑制肿瘤血管生成而发挥抗肿瘤效应。早期临床研究显示,高血压、肾功能损害以及出血等为这类药物特有的副作用,其中蛋白尿发生率高达21%~63%[1]。为提高我国临床医师对贝伐单抗所致肾功能损害的认识和重视,本研究回顾性分析了北京协和医院使用贝伐单抗后出现严重肾损害并行肾脏活检患者的临床和病理资料,探讨贝伐单抗所致肾损害的临床和病理特点。

对象和方法

对象北京协和医院呼吸内科肺癌中心2006年2月至2009年2月使用贝伐单抗后出现严重肾脏损害并行肾活检的患者4例。

统计学处理计量资料采用均数±标准差表示。

结 果

一般情况4例患者占同期使用贝伐单抗患者的比例为12.5%(4/32),其中男、女性各2例;年龄最小43岁,最大67岁,平均年龄(56.5±11.5)岁;从肿瘤分布看,非小细胞肺癌3例(75%)、胰腺癌1例(25%)。

治疗前肾功能状况贝伐单抗治疗前肾功能正常3例(75%)、轻度肾功能损害1例(25%),表现为微量蛋白尿和镜下血尿。出现严重肾功能损害需要行肾脏活检时,贝伐单抗所使用的次数,最少为2次(1例,25%),最多为14次(1例,25%);而4例(100%)患者贝伐单抗单次使用剂量均在推荐剂量范围内(7.5~15 mg/kg)。

治疗后出现肾损害的临床表现、相应治疗及预后贝伐单抗治疗后肾损害的临床表现为蛋白尿4例(100%),均表现为肾病范围内蛋白尿(gt;3.5 g/d);镜下血尿2例(50%);恶性高血压1例(25%);血清肌酐升高1例(25%),表现急性肾功能衰竭;无尿1例(25%)。其中病例2和3肾脏病理类型为血栓性微血管病,但是临床均未出现血小板减少、溶血性贫血、急性肾功能衰竭,外周破碎红细胞、乳酸脱氢酶升高等表现。肾损害后采取的治疗措施包括:4例(100%)均停止使用贝伐单抗;1例急性肾功能衰竭患者合并使用血液透析治疗。预后:1例(25%)尿蛋白消失,肾功能恢复正常; 3例(75%)仍持续蛋白尿,但蛋白尿程度减轻,肾功能稳定,血清肌酐正常;恶性高血压患者血压控制良好(表1)。

肾脏病理类型分布4例患者中,膜增生性肾小球肾炎1例(25%),光镜下可见肾小球增生明显,呈分叶状,可见弥漫系膜细胞和节段性内皮细胞增生,部分肾小球足细胞增生,系膜基质弥漫性增多,大部分毛细血管襻受压变窄、闭塞,肾小球基底膜弥漫性增厚伴系膜基质插入和双轨形成(图1),免疫荧光染色可见补体C3弥漫颗粒状分布于系膜区和毛细血管襻;血栓性微血管病2例(50%),光镜下可见肾小球细胞数轻度增多,节段性系膜细胞和系膜基质增多,毛细血管襻开放良好,肾小球基底膜内疏松层节段性增宽,呈双轨样改变,内皮下、副系膜区可见较多血浆蛋白渗出并形成透明滴样结构(图2),免疫荧光染色阴性;良性肾小球动脉硬化 1例(25%),光镜下可见多个球性硬化(部分呈缺血性硬化),1个

表 1 4例贝伐单抗所致肾损害患者临床资料和肾脏病理类型

箭头示增生系膜细胞和系膜基质插入内皮下,基底膜增厚形成双轨征Arrow shows the glomerular basement membrane thickening with double contours, which was caused by the interposition of mesangial cells and matrix into the subendothelial zone of the capillary loopsA.HE染色(×400);B. 过碘酸六亚甲基四胺银染色(×400)A.hematoxylin-eosin staining(×400);B.periodic acid-silver methenamine staining(×400)图1 肾小球系膜细胞和系膜基质明显增生,肾小球毛细血管襻受压变窄、闭塞,肾小球呈分叶状外观Fig 1 The mesangial cells and matrix remarkably proliferate and the capillary loops becomes narrow and occluded, making the glomerular tuft a lobular appearance

A. HE染色(×200);B. 过碘酸六亚甲基四胺银染色(×200)A. hematoxylin-eosin staining(×200);B. periodic acid-silver methenamine staining(×200)图2 肾小球细胞数轻度增多,毛细血管襻开放良好,内皮下可见较多血浆蛋白渗出并形成透明滴样结构(箭头)Fig 2 The glomeruli show mild hypercellularity and normal capillary loops. Amorphous eosinophilic glomerular capillary hyalinosis (arrow) is presented subendothelially, which was caused by the effusion of plasma proteins

节段硬化, 1个小型细胞性新月体,2个小型细胞纤维性新月体,肾小球细胞增多,可见弥漫节段性系膜细胞增生和系膜基质增多,偶见内皮细胞增生,部分毛细血管襻受压变窄,肾内小血管管壁增厚,管腔狭窄,小叶间动脉及入球小动脉管壁玻璃样变,免疫荧光染色可见补体C3、纤维蛋白原Fi和IgA呈弥漫颗粒状分布于系膜区和毛细血管襻。

讨 论

结直肠癌和非小细胞肺癌是我国常见肿瘤类型,有着庞大的患者人群,因此,新近批准上市的贝伐单抗在我国有着广阔应用前景。随着贝伐单抗日益广泛地应用,与之相关不良反应的处理也将成为临床医师面临的新挑战。本研究通过回顾性分析贝伐单抗所致肾损害患者临床和肾脏病理资料,进一步探讨肾脏损害发生的可能机制。

目前,关于贝伐单抗的Ⅲ期临床研究较多,其中按照通用毒性标准,Ⅲ级以上蛋白尿发生率从0%到15%,中位发生率为2.7%[2-14]。 Meta分析显示,贝伐单抗所致Ⅲ级以上蛋白尿的发生率为1.0%~1.8%[1]。本研究Ⅲ级以上蛋白尿发生率为12.5%,远高于文献报道[1],这可能与病例数少有一定关系。

关于贝伐单抗的诸多临床研究亦显示不同类型肿瘤、不同年龄段以及不同性别患者均可出现肾损害,提示肾损害的发生与患者性别、年龄以及所患肿瘤类型无明显关系[2-14]。本研究男女患者、不同年龄(≥65岁)以及不同类型肿瘤患者均可见严重肾损害,与文献报道一致。

本研究贝伐单抗所致肾损害临床表现多种多样,蛋白尿为最常见临床表现。其他临床表现包括:血清肌酐升高、镜下血尿及急性肾功能衰竭等,这些在文献中亦有相关报道[15-21]。在病理类型方面,血栓性微血管病是最常见的肾脏损害病理类型,约占1/2,其典型特征是血浆蛋白渗透到内皮下形成“透明滴”样结构,而肾小球自身结构损伤轻微,因此,临床上并未出现血小板减少、溶血性贫血、急性肾功能衰竭、外周破碎红细胞、乳酸脱氢酶升高等典型表现。本研究发生血栓性微血管病肾脏损害的患者使用贝伐单抗的疗程均较长,分别为12和14次,提示使用贝伐单抗疗程越多的患者越易出现此种病理类型的肾脏损害。基础研究表明,适当水平VEGF对维持肾小球内皮细胞和足细胞功能正常,进而维持肾小球结构和功能完整非常重要[22]。因此,长期使用贝伐单抗可通过其药理作用机制引起肾内VEGF水平下降,导致血管内皮损伤而出现肾损害。轻者表现为内皮细胞孔径扩大,血浆蛋白渗入内皮下。重者表现为内皮细胞损伤,内皮下胶原暴露,血小板血栓形成,进而出现血栓性血小板减少性紫癜或溶血尿毒综合征等严重的临床表现。免疫复合物介导肾小球肾炎是第二大类肾损害病理类型,约占1/4,这类肾脏损害可能与贝伐单抗使用的疗程无关,常发生于贝伐单抗使用1~2个疗程后,是一种个体特异性反应,推测其机制可能与贝伐单抗为异源蛋白,能够刺激机体产生抗体,进而引起免疫复合物沉积有关。其他的病理类型包括良性肾小球动脉硬化,约占1/4,此种肾损害发生时,与贝伐单抗使用疗程数有一定关系,其机制可能与继发高血压,而且血压控制不佳有关。

停用贝伐单抗是出现肾损害后最常用的治疗措施。如肾穿提示存在免疫复合物介导的严重肾小球损害时,可考虑使用激素和免疫抑制剂[21]。此外对出现急性肾功能衰竭患者可给予血液透析治疗。对出现血栓性血小板减少性紫癜的患者可采用血浆置换治疗[21]。

贝伐单抗所致肾损害的预后相对较好。约25%患者肾功能可完全恢复,蛋白尿消失。但大部分患者仍表现为持续蛋白尿,但蛋白尿程度明显减轻,血清肌酐正常。尽管这种长期存在的少量蛋白尿对患者肾功能的远期影响尚无法客观评价,因大部分患者在肾功能出现明显恶化前死于肿瘤进展,所以笔者建议,当出现大量蛋白尿时(gt;3.5g/d),需永久停用贝伐单抗,因为此时肾损害是不可逆的。

综上,贝伐单抗所致肾损害存在多种机制,蛋白尿为其主要临床表现。建议在贝伐单抗使用前、后密切监测患者血压、尿蛋白以及血清肌酐,以便早期、及时发现肾损害。及时停药,大部分患者预后良好。但本研究病例数甚少,其结论仍需进一步大规模临床试验去验证。

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ClinicalandPathologicalAnalysesofBevacizumab-inducedRenalImpairmentinFourPatients

ZHAO Jing1, LI Hang2, ZHANG Li1, ZHONG Wei1, LI Long-yun1,WEN Yu-bing2, WANG Meng-zhao1

1Department of Respiratory Medicine,2Department of Nephrology, PUMC Hospital,
CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100730, China

WANG Meng-zhao Tel: 010-88068206, E-mail: mengzhaowang@sina.com

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of bevacizumab-induced renal impairment.MethodThe clinical and pathological data of 4 patients with bevacizumab-induced renal impairment in Peking Union Medical College Hospital was retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThere were 2 men and 2 women aged (56.5±11.5) years. Before bevacizumab treatment, three non-small cell lung cancer patients (75%) had normal renal function and only one pancreatic cancer patient (25%) had mild renal impairment. After 2-14 cycles of bevacizumab treatment, the most common clinical manifestation of bevacizumab-induced renal injury was proteinuria (gt;3.5 g/d) (n=4, 100%). Other clinical symptoms included microscopic hematuria (n=2, 50%), malignant hypertension (n=1, 25%), elevated serum creatinine level as accompanied with acute renal failure (n=1, 25%), and anuria (n=1, 25%). Thrombotic microangiopathy was the main pathological type (n=2, 50%), whereas other pathological types included membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n=1, 25%) and benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis (n=1, 25%). After the detection of renal impairment, bevacizumab therapy was stopped in all 4 cases (100%). Hemodialysis was performed in the patient with acute renal failure. The prognosis was relatively good. The renal function and proteinuria was completely recovered in one patient (25%), whereas the other three patients (75%) presented with persistent alleviated proteinuria but normal renal function.ConclusionsBevacizumab may cause renal injury via complex mechanisms. Therefore, urine protein excretion and renal function should be closely monitored during bevacizumab treatment to identify any renal injury. The prognosis is relatively good after discontinuation of bevacizumab.

bevacizumab; renal impairment; proteinuria; renal biopsy

王孟昭 电话:010-88068206,电子邮件:mengzhaowang@sina.com

R730.59

A

1000-503X(2012)02-0153-06

10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2012.02.010

2011-07-29)

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