风雨两岸

2012-04-29 00:44戚永晔
文化交流 2012年3期
关键词:郑愁予郑氏郑成功

戚永晔

1662年,作为南明朝廷“股肱之臣”的郑成功,率大军东渡台湾海峡,驱逐荷兰侵略者,收复了沦陷38年的宝岛台湾,书写了中国明清史上极重要的一笔。

时光飞逝,英名长留。到今年,恰好是郑成功收复台湾350周年。年初开始,海峡两岸各种团体就开始举行纪念活动。有关“郑成功收复台湾”的内容,在各大传媒出现的频率陡然升高。

缅怀郑成功的历史功绩,看着那些充满纪念意义的文字和影像,我们发现,其实郑成功和他的光辉业绩从没有远离,他一直是华夏儿女心目中的英雄、一直是海峡两岸同胞情的重要纽带。

鼓浪屿和安平古堡:昂然对望的郑成功面容

厦门海滨,覆鼎岩上,一尊巨型石雕,巍然屹立。这尊丰碑式雕像的主人公,就是我国著名的民族英雄郑成功。

覆鼎岩位于鼓浪屿的升旗山下,它是一块兀立于海边的高大礁石。因其倚山临海,本身就是观海的一处胜地。1985年,雕像落成,天桥造就,并以雕像为主体,逐渐开辟成了郑成功雕像公园。如今,雕像公园每天已是游人如织。

这是一尊如此英武的雕像——戴有头盔的头部稍向右侧,面部表情威严,两眼注视着海面;身著铠甲,左手抵在腰间,右手握一柄长剑,而右脚稍向前跨出。整尊雕像,呈现一种正待出征之势。威武、洒脱,于静态之中给人一种威严动感。

来到这里的游客,大多会在英雄的雕像前久久凝视,一种肃然起敬之情便油然而生。海风轻拂,思绪升腾,急遽地上溯到三百多年前的十七世纪:这是1661年的一个不平凡的日子,碧空万里,艳阳高照,金门岛迎来了它有史以来最为空前的场面:只见波涛浩淼的大海上,郑成功率领的载有两万五千多名将士的大小数百艘船只,开始了向荷兰人在台湾所筑之赤嵌城的东征。在台湾土司的支持配合下,郑成功所率东征将士上下一心,同仇敌忾,终于一举收复赤嵌城,并于1662年的早春二月,迫使荷兰头目揆一缴械投降。

其实,在海峡那头,也有一尊郑成功塑像和鼓浪屿遥遥

厦门鼓浪屿郑成功雕像

A statue of Zheng Chenggong at Gulangyu Island, Xiamen

对望。雕像位于台南的安平古堡,也就是郑成功当年登陆宝岛的地方。这不是台湾唯一的郑成功塑像、也不是最大的,但却是最出名的一尊。安平古堡的郑成功雕像呈现出当年英雄建功立业的非凡力量。

走进安平古堡,守护着它的两棵大榕树,似阅尽人间沧桑的老者,无论日出日落,潮涨潮退,都保持着淡定的气度和神色。张晓风在她的散文里说古榕“轩昂自得”,这四个字实在用得精妙。古堡内那残存的70多米长的古墙,历经近400年的风风雨雨,依然屹立着,被斑驳的阳光和盘根错节的枯藤爬满,似乎要复活一个记忆,定格出一种壮美。

登上红砖石阶,就是高高地挺立眼前的郑成功塑像。塑像由纯铜打造,目若朗星,遥望远方。

安平古堡的命运和台湾历史息息相关。最初的“安平古堡”,是荷兰人建造的,名叫“热兰遮城”。郑成功收复台湾后,将热兰遮城改为安平镇,把城堡作为郑氏府第。清政府收复台湾后,安平镇为军装局所在地;清同治十年,英国军舰犯台,舰炮命中军装局火库引发爆炸,城墙也被炸毁;日本占据台湾时期,原有的城垣被铲平,改建成留存至今的红砖平台样式海关宿舍;抗日战争胜利后,台湾光复,改名为“安平古堡”,并辟为古迹纪念馆。

这里是郑氏创功立业的根基,“安平”二字也与郑氏的名字一样永垂青史。山上耸立着一座高高的瞭望塔。登上塔顶,太平洋那千古不息的蔚蓝色波涛声和当年受降仪式上郑成功气壮山河的宣言似乎一同响起:“然台湾者,中国之土地,久

CELEBS IN HISTORY历史名人

A silver coin issued by Peoples Bank of China in commemoration of Zheng Chenggong

为贵国所据,今吾既来索还,该土地自当归我! ”

南安郑陵和延平郡王祠:代代不息的郑成功追思

与遥遥对望的郑成功塑像相比,遍布海峡两岸的陵、庙、祠堂等古迹更能代表今天我们对郑氏收复和治理台湾功绩的追思。其中,福建南安市的郑成功陵和台湾台南的延平郡王祠,无疑是历史最久、名气最大、规模最完善,也是游客最多的两个地方。

南安郑陵是个很静谧的地方,埋葬着包括郑成功在内的郑家几代人。游客们来到这里,站在面临一片汪洋的鳌峰上,远远能看到金门。在这里,人们习惯于听松、听风、听鸟;追史、忆人、怀故。

当年,郑成功刚刚病故时,家乡南安已经是清朝的领土,所以暂葬于台湾的台南州仔尾,历经三十多年。其孙郑克塽降清后,于康熙三十八年(公元1699年)迁柩归葬于南安。在相邻石井10多公里的水头镇一处叫覆船山的山坡下,郑克塽把他祖父郑成功及父亲郑经的灵柩归葬在郑氏五世祖乐斋公的陵墓里,省去了兴建陵墓的麻烦,也圆了郑氏“落叶归根”的愿望。

据说,郑成功的灵柩迁葬桑梓时,康熙帝下敕遣官兵护柩,还撰联这样说:“四镇多贰心,两岛屯师,敢向东南争半壁;诸王无寸土,一隅抗志,方知海外有孤忠。 ”尔后还派御林军护陵守墓。

虽然归葬于大陆,但是海峡那头,百姓对郑成功的追思并未打丝毫折扣。连横在《台湾通史》中写道:“延平郡王入台后,辟土田,兴教养,存明正朔……精忠大义,震耀古今。及亡,民间建庙以祀,而时已归清,语多避忌,故闪烁其词,而以王爷称。 ”据说,台中石冈等地的客家部落,甚至将郑成功当成开荒拓土的守护神来崇拜。

1874年,日本就有觊觎台湾之意,清廷派福建船政大臣沈葆桢到台湾督办海防事务,为让军民“知忠义之大可为”,沈葆桢奏请朝廷准建郑成功祠,让民间公开奉祀,以藉扬忠烈。翌年,清廷准奏:“前明故藩朱成功仗节守义,忠烈昭然。遇有水旱祈祷辄应,尤属有功台郡。著照所请于台湾府城建立专祠并予追谥 ‘忠节。 ”

从此祭祀郑成功活动从民间走向官方,这也是台湾第一座官方所建的郑成功专祠,每年的春秋两季官方皆在这里定期举行盛大的公祭活动。

因为广泛的百姓基础和官方背景,所以百余年下来,延平郡王祠占地发展到3万多平方米。祠内林立的宫殿式古建筑蔚为大观,庭园修筑极美,整体风格庄严典雅,是台湾唯一的福州式庙宇建筑。格局分为照壁、供奉郑成功的正殿、崇祀太妃与宁静王的后殿,以及东西庑。厚重的琉璃绿瓦,衬着朱红色的高墙,使人们怀古思幽之情油然而生。

世间万物,没有不变的容颜。永远不变及代代传承的惟有爱国情操和永不磨灭的历史功绩。正如张学良将军在90岁高龄时作的《谒延平祠》诗中所云:“孽子孤臣一雅儒,填膺大义抗强胡。丰功岂在尊明朔,确保台湾入版图。 ”

海峡两岸龙传人:星火相传的郑成功精神

“我打江南走过/那等在季节里的容颜/如莲花的开落”

台湾诗人郑愁予的诗句脍炙人口,为海峡两岸的诗歌爱

台湾赤嵌楼(李 忠 摄)

A view of Fort Provintia, Taiwan

郑成功绣像

An embroidered picture of Zheng Chenggong

郑成功第十一代嫡孙、台湾著名诗人郑愁予在为两岸和平发展作演讲。

Zheng Chouyu, a fifteen-generation descendent of Zheng Chenggong and poet of Taiwan, speaks on the sub-ject of peace and development across the Taiwan Strait.

好者们传唱。可是很少有人知道郑愁予的另一个身份:郑成功第十一代嫡孙。头戴牛仔帽,身着麂皮外套,足蹬牛皮凉鞋,腕上戴一只运动表 ——这是郑愁予展示给外人的“标准造型”。但粗犷的外表下,难掩他诗人的纤细。“出生于济南,成长于台湾,后来旅居美国,晚年选择回到金门定居,回到先祖曾经叱咤的海域。 ”这是郑愁予对自己平生的描述,几十个字里,我们看到了一位阅尽沧桑的老者对家族荣耀的自豪。

令人动容的是,今年已经79岁高龄的郑愁予依然在为两岸和平著述和奔走,他没有忘记家族的使命:就在今年年初,郑愁予出版新书《和平的衣钵》,并于1月9日接受台湾新闻节目专访,畅谈身为一个诗人对和平的理想。

其实,包括郑愁予在内,遍布海内外的郑成功后人和中华儿女,至今都在以不同的方式薪火传承着郑成功爱国护民的英雄精神。□

台湾安平古堡(李 忠 摄)

A view of Anping Castle in Taiwan

wall, more than 400 years old, remains at the fort. The bronze statue stands on a platform with a staircase of red brick leading to it. The castle was destroyed in a battle between China and Britain in 1871, the tenth year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty. The British warships fired shells at the fort and the ammunition de-pot exploded. During the Japanese occupation, the wall was demol-

ished and living quarters for custom officials were erected on the

site. After Taiwan was restored to China again at the end of World War Two, the site was renamed Ancient Anping Fort and changed into a memorial. Today, the fort served as the foundation of Zhengs

台湾延平郡王祠

Zheng Chenggong Memorial Temple in Taiwan

success in Taiwan.

Zheng Chenggongs statues on the either side of the Taiwan Strait are far outnumbered by his memorial temples. The most famous of these memorial sites are Zheng Chenggong Mausoleum in Nanan, Fujian Province and Zheng Chenggong Memorial Temple in Tainan, Taiwan Province.

By the time Zheng Chenggong passed away in Taiwan in 1662, his hometown Nanan had been Qings territory. He was buried in Tainan. After his grandson surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, the remains of Zheng Chenggong was shipped back to Nanan and re-buried into the family cemetery at Fuchuan Mountain. It is said that Kangxi Emperor wrote a couplet in recognition of Zheng Cheng-gongs contribution to bringing Taiwan back to Chinas sovereignty. It is said that the emperor even sent imperial guards to guard Zhengs mausoleum.

Though Zheng Chenggong was reburied on the mainland, the people in Taiwan did their best to commemorate him. The general and his descendents ruled Taiwan wisely and brought peace, pros-perity, and good institutions to the island. They commemorated him. Some Hakka tribes even upheld him as a guardian god.

In 1874, a Qing official came to Taiwan to build up coast defense against Japanese invaders. In order to encourage local people and army to defend the island, the minister asked the royal court for per-mission to build a Zheng Chenggong Memorial so that the public could hold memorial services openly. For the first time in history, Zheng Chenggong was officially recognized and commemorated. With the central governments approval and money, the memorial temple was constructed. A public memorial service was held twice a year.

With the official endorsement and love of the people, the temple has grown into a grand structure of 30,000 square meters. On the large compound are many halls and gardens. In fact, the temple is the only memorial architecture styled with Fuzhou architectural characteristics in Taiwan. The thick green glazed tiles on the roofs and tall vermilion walls make visitors nostalgic about the heroic deeds of Zheng Chenggong. □

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