郭晋勇 路 敏 柳永禄 李 冰
(红河学院,云南 蒙自 661100)
中国云南红河州是全国唯一的哈尼族彝族自治州,哈尼族民族文化极其丰富。哈尼族的节日有其丰富的内涵和独特之处,是我国博大精深多元文化体中的一个组成部分。
哈尼族的古歌内容十分丰富,文化内涵深刻,反映了哈尼族千百年来民族群体世世代代积累起来的知识、经验、信念、价值、活动、观点、理解、等级、宗教、节令、责任、关系、自然观、艺术等。但是目前关于哈尼文化的翻译研究实在太少太少。随着哈尼梯田有望成为民族世界遗产的可能,哈尼文化急需向外宣传。
哈尼族系是一个来自中国西北的古老民族。根据王清华研究员和著名哈尼学者徐国学的研究,《哈尼阿培冲坡坡》史诗记叙了哈尼族从中国北方南迁的完整路线(王清华,2002:385)。《哈尼阿培冲坡坡》史诗中阿培—冲—坡是哈尼语,分别是“祖先—人—迁”的意思。“坡”的叠用是指迁徙、迁走、搬迁(徐国学、车金明,2000:149)。
哈尼《神之歌》包括《烟本霍本》(神的诞生)、《俄色密色》(造天造地)、《查牛色》(杀查牛补天地)、《毕蝶、凯蝶、则蝶》(人、庄稼、牲畜的来源)、《湘窝本》(开田种谷)、《普祖代祖》(安寨定居)计六个可以独立成篇的文本。《神之歌》由哈尼族族人学者张红榛老师编撰,是有一定故事性和便于记忆的古歌,是哈尼族的祭司和歌手在特定的宗教仪式和民间生活仪式上咏唱的文体。无论是在节日到来时还是在婚嫁和民族聚会时,《神之歌》的许多内容都会得到极致的表现,哈尼祭司和歌手们乐此不疲,而哈尼民众则百听不厌。古歌以唱歌听歌的形式展现古歌的内涵。宗教是永远存在的民族意识。《神之歌》在重大节日如“昂玛突”和“矻扎扎”等节日里最能体现哈尼族宗教信仰《神之歌》的内容。哈尼族的原始宗教思想基础是万物有灵,他们的信仰核心是神、魂、鬼。哈尼族神话与原始宗教互相杂糅、渗透,难解难分(黄俊勇,2007:117)。
《烟本霍本》系哈尼《神之歌》的一章,其意义在于说明哈尼宗教神的诞生,神之间的关系及神人之间的关系。从《烟本霍本》第二节中可以看出哈尼族神的命名、神的关系、神的分工及神和人关系的来龙去脉。
天是生在属鼠的日子里,
Heaven wasborn in theday of therat,
地是生在属牛的日子。
Earth wasborn in theday of theox.
在天的最高一层,
In thehighestlayer of heaven,
在座雄伟的宫殿,
Therewasagrand palace,
它的名字叫烟罗。
Thenamewas Yanluo.
烟罗神殿的正中,
In themiddleof Luoyan temple,
坐着威严的天神俄玛,
Seated Emathemajestic god,
世间所有的万物,
All thelivingthingsin theworld,
也是她来生养。
Werealsoraised by her,
俄玛生出了姻姒,
Emagavebirth to Yanshi,
同生的还有她的姐妹——
And her sister,
高能的玛奔姑娘,
Thetalented girl Maben,
流传至今的十二种古规古礼,
The12 kindsof popular ancientritualsand rules,
就是她俩传在神殿的门槛上。
They both puton thethreshold of the Temple.
俄玛生下了多多的大神,
Emaalsogavebirth toalotof greatdivinities
她生下了人神玛窝,
Shegavebirth tothehuman god Mawo,
她生下光神和雷神,
Shegavebirth tothelightgod and thethunder god,
又生下风神和雨神,
And then thewind god and therain god,
云神生下来了,
Followed by thecloud god,
天河神生下来了,
Theheaven river god,
神像星星站满天上。
All godslook likestarsfull of sky.
俄玛生下的千千万万个的神,
Emagavebirth tohundredsof thousandsof earth divinities,
像密密的老林把大地站满了。
Asdenseforestry full of theground.
最大最高的天神俄玛,
Thebiggestand highestheaven god Ema,
生下一位最高能的姑娘,
Gavebirth toan almighty girl,
这就是天母梅烟,
Theheaven mother Meiyan,
她指挥着万神万物。
Whocommanded all godsand all thingsin heaven.
梅烟生出大神烟沙,
Meiyan givebirth tothegreatgod Yansha,
烟沙又生下大神沙拉①。
Whogavebirth togreatgod Shala①.
①一说沙拉是梅烟的丈夫。
①Another showsays Shalaisthehusband of Mieyan.
烟沙又生下九位大神,
Yanshagavebirth toninegreatdivinities,
造天造地的时候,
When heaven and earth werecreated,
全靠他们出力奔忙。
They did their bustled efforts.
大神烟沙还生下五个儿子,
Thegreatgod Yanshaalsogavebirth tofivesons,
阿匹梅烟实在喜欢这窝孙子,
Api Meiyan really loved all her grandsons,
站在神殿中央把他们封赏:
Standingin thetempleshedeclared awardstothemall:
“大孙子啊,给你掌管金子的命!”
“Ah My firstgrandson,
Iletyou bein chargeof thegold life!”
“二孙子啊,给你掌管银子的命!”
“Ah my second grandson,
Iletyou bein chargeof silver life!”
阿匹梅烟又封过另外三个孙子,
Ai Meiyan honored theother threegrandchildren,
他们是头戴黑盔的铁神,
They weretheiron divinity wearingablack helmet,
头顶黄盔的铜神,
Thecopper divinity wearingayellowhelmet,
和头顶白盔的锡神。
And thetin divinity wearingawhitehelmet.
没有阿匹梅烟封过五位大神,
Without Api Meiyan’s honors to the five great divinities,
世上不会有鲜花一样的金银铜铁锡,
There would be no the beautiful gold, silver copper,iron and tin,
天地也不会造得像金银一样发光闪亮。
Heaven and earth would not be made shining like gold and silver.
梅烟封过的大神不止上头几个,
Thegreatdivinitieshonored by Meiyan weremore,
她又封出十二位尊神:
Sheagain honored twelverespectful divinities:
最大的乌麾阿玛,
Theoldestwas Wuhui Ama,
是那管天的咀摩。
Thatwas Jumowhocontrolled heaven.
第二个是管地的乌摩。
Thesecond was Wumowhocontrolled theearth.
乌摩三姐管理庄稼。
Thethird sister Wumocontrolled thecrops.
第四个乌摩专管人。
Thefourth Wuhuimanaged human being.
第五个乌麾叫做摩咪扎里,Thefifth Wuhuiwas Momizhali,
管着世上的万匹牲口。
Whocontrolled thousandsof livestock on theearth.
第六个乌麾叫做搓鲁约策,
Thesixth Wuhuiwascalled Cuoluyuece,
她的任务是管理太阳。
Whocontrolled thesun.
第七个就是男神俄多麦节,
Theseventh wasthemaledivinity Eduomaiji,
他管着银子样的月亮。
Whocontrolled thesilver-likemoon.
第八个乌麾是短耳朵的那斗啊娄,
Theeighth Wuhuiwastheshort-ear Nadou’alou,
他把甑子的事情执掌。
Whocontrolled thesteamingpot.
第九个是管灶火的蝶里艾斯①。
Theninth was Dili’aisi①
Whocontrolled thestovefire.
①乌麾蝶里艾斯:文化英雄,其故事是这样的:在作罗搓罗(岩洞名)有一个吃人的魔鬼,乌木(皇帝、最大的头人之意)派大力士查艾去杀它,连续三次都被魔鬼吓回来,后来聪明的蝶里艾斯在许多动物植物帮助下杀死了恶魔,但被查艾冒功请赏,查艾当上乌木,无恶不作,蝶里艾斯又用计谋杀死了查艾,取代他当了乌木,在与查艾作战中,为后人留下了许多丧葬习俗。
Dili’aisi,the Wuhui is a cultural hero, whose story is like this——in the Zuoluocuoluo, (a cave name)there was man-eatingdemon.Wumu (theemperor, thegreatest chief)sent Zha’ai to kill the devil.For three times, he was scared back.Later, the smart Dili’aisikilled the demon with helps fromother animalsand plants.However Zha’aitook thefavor for therewards, and became Wumu, and unscrupulously did all sorts of evils.Dili’aisi killed Zha’ai with tricks, and replaced him as the Wumu.From the fight many funeral customswereleftfor posterity.
第十个是管山管树的松玛阿策。
The tenth was Songma’ace who controlled the mountainsand thetress.
第十一个是爱眨眼睛的麦期麦所,
Theeleventh was Maiqimaisuoliked winklingeyes,
专管河水不冲人马牲口。
Who was responsible for the rivers not to wash people and animals.
第十二个是好看的厄戚戚奴,
Thetwelfth wasthenice Eqiqinu,
管着万道清清的山泉,
Whocontrolled thousand of clean springs,
还有又甜又凉的龙潭。
And thosesweetand cool ponds.
阿匹梅烟封出十二个乌麾,
Api Meiyan honored twelve Wuhui,
叫他们把万事万物来管。
Letthemcontrol everything.
封过十二个乌麾,After thetwelve Wuhui,
梅烟又另封一个乌麾,
Meiyan honored theother one,
他就是战神扎略阿则。
Thewar god Zhalue’ace.
大神梅烟安排好一切,
After thealmighty god Meiyan arranged everything,
又来把众神的寿命想。
Sheagain thoughtthelifespan of all gods.
天神梅烟传下了鲜花样的好话:
Meiyan issued flower-likewords:
大神烟沙叫阿妈梅烟生下了九个姑娘①,
Thegreatgod Yanshaasked Meiyan togivebirth tonine girls①,
①一说九个不死的姑娘是大神沙拉和梅烟所生。她们是那永生不死的姑娘,
①A parlance shows that the nine immortal girls were born by grand god Yanshaand Meiyan.They areimmortal,
大神烟沙叫九个妹子来嫁②,
God Yanshaasked theninesisterstomarry②,
②一说九个姑娘是沙拉的妹子。
②Aparlanceshowstheninegirlsarethesisterof Shala.
从此说下了姑娘嫁人的话。
Sincethen thegirlsaresaid tobemarried
天神梅烟的姑娘不嫁,
If Meiyan’sdaughtershad motmarried,
世上一样也不会有,
Therewould havebeen nothingin theworld.
大神烟沙的九个妹子不嫁,
If theninesistersof greatgod Yanshahad motmarried,
世上万物要死光。
All creaturesin theworld would havedied off.
九个大神把不死的九姊妹讨回了寨房!
Nine great gods married the nine immortal girls and took themtovillages!
大姐烟姒出嫁了,
Theold sister Yansimarried,
出嫁的姑娘得了个好名,
Themarried girl gotagood reputation,
叫做“天神不死的姑娘”。
Called “theimmortal girl of heaven god.”
二回出嫁的是玛白姑娘,
Thesecond married was Mabaigirl,
玛白也得了一个好名:
Shealsogotagood reputation:
“地神不死的姑娘”。
“Theimmortal girl of earth god”
第三出嫁的是约白姑娘,
Thethird married wasthegirl Yuebai,
她嫁给亮堂堂的太阳③,
Shemarried tothebrightsun③,
③照说太阳是女性,不应娶新娘;今从原诗。
③It wassaid thesun isa female and should not bemarried toabride;Fromtheoriginal poem,
叫她做“太阳不死的姑娘”。
Shewascalled “theimmortal girl of thesun.”
第四出嫁的姑娘是约回,
Thefourth married girl was Yuehui,
她的美名叫“月亮不死的姑娘”。
Her beautiful namewas “theimmortal girl of themoon.”
第五个是美丽的戚姒然密,
Thefifth married wasthebeautiful Qisiranmi,
“水源不断的姑娘”是她的名号。
“Theendlesswater sourcegirl” washer reputation.
第六个是嫁给路神的嘎姒,
Thesixth was Gasimarried toroad divinity,
她是“大路不断的姑娘”。
Shewasthe “theendlessroad girl.”
第七位出嫁的是嵯白然密,
Theseventh married was Cuobairanmi,
叫她做“石神不死的姑娘”。
Shewascalled “theimmortal girl of stonedivinity.”
聪明的诺姒第八个出嫁,
Thesmart Nuosiwastheeighth married,
她是“庄稼神不死的姑娘”。
Shewas “theimmortal girl of crop divinity.”
第九位姑娘嫁给龙神欧罗,
Theninth married tothedragon god Ouluo,
“不死的龙神姑娘”米鲁,
Was“theimmortal girl of dragon divinity”Milu,
名声在大江大海传扬。
Her reputation washeard on bigriversand sees.
烟沙大神说:
Thegreatgod Yanshasaid,
众神啊,
All divinities,
你们听好我的话,
You listen tomecarefully,
大神小神像一棵树,
All you bigor small divinitiesarejustlikeatree,
深深的树根就是‘搓’,
Thedeep rootsarethe ‘Cuo’
标直的树干就是‘直’,
Thestraighttrunk is‘Zhi’
分岔的树枝是咪谷和寨主,
Thebranchesare Migu and thevillageheadman,
众神就是树叶和树花;
All divinitiesarethetreeleavesand flowers;
树根是树干的阿妈,
Thetreerootsisthemother of thebranches,
所以‘搓’比‘直’大,
So, ‘Cuo’ isolder than ‘Zhi’,
树枝靠树干撑腰,
Branchesarebacked by treetrunk,
所以咪谷寨主比‘直’小,
So Migu villagemaster isyounger than ‘Zhi’,
树花树叶样的众神,
All divinitiesof treeflowersand leaves,
都要听咪谷寨主招呼。”
Mustlisten tothevillagemaster.”
总而言之,云南省红河州是哈尼族的主要聚居地,哈尼族宗教文化有着其独特的一面,文化内容丰富。随着对外开放旅游的发展,哈尼族宗教文化亟待向外翻译宣传,以彰显中华民族大家庭丰富的文化性、民族性和宗教性,从哲学、文化学、心理学、美学、认知科学等领域认识哈尼族古歌文化。
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