连接词（Ｌｉｎｋｉｎｇ ｗｏｒｄｓ）

冯艳秋

连接词是在英语语言中连接词与词、词组与词组、句子与句子间，表明其内在联系意思的词或词组。如果没有连接词，学生在阅读解题时容易混淆。掌握了连接词，我们在听力时可通过连接词准确地猜想出说话人的意图；在完成单选和完形填空时可正确把握前后句子的语境，选出正确选项。书面表达中，如果我们能正确使用连接词能增加文章的连贯性，从而美化和丰富我们的语言，故作为处于英语学习重要时期的高中生来说，理解和掌握连接词显得尤为重要。现将连接词在高考题型中的考查浅谈如下，以供老师和同学参考：

I. 连接词在听力中

有时对话人双方，并不是直截了当地表明自己的态度，而是口气很委婉地间接从侧面表示出来。要善于理解他们这种含蓄的表示方法，也就是要领会句中的连接词才能得知他们的言外之意。最常见的例子是含有转折连接词but的句子，这时特别要注意but后面的句子的意思，那才是说话者的真实意图，而but前面的句子意思往往不是多么重要，大多是一些出于礼貌的客套话。

例如：What did the man do last night?

A. He watched television with his friend.

B. He stayed at home talking with his friend.

C. He went to see a film with his friend.

此听力的原文为：

W: Did you see a film last night on Channel 4?

M: Well, I meant to see it, but a friend of mine came to see me. We had a nice long talk about our school days.

【解析】 从男士的回答可以推断出答案为B。

通常情况下，言外之意题型中的第一说话人所言是一个标准的一般疑问句，即一个可用Yes或No来回答的问句，第二说话人的答话给人一种答非所问的感觉。也就是说对话双方所言风马牛不相及，使考生很难快速地将两者相联系而造成失分。而转折连接词but后面的句子的意思，那才是说话者的真实意图。

II. 连接词在单项填空中

这些年来，单项填空淡化了对所谓“纯”语法和“纯”词汇的考查，而是在特定的语境中对语法和词汇进行考查，这就增加了考试的难度。因此，考生必须具有综合运用语言的能力。答题时我们必须读完全部信息，利用特定的语境搞清前后句的逻辑关系来选出正确答案。

例如1：—Do you think I should get a good guidebook?

—Yes, of course.________, you also need a good camera and comfortable shoes.(2004北京春季高考)

A. What餾 more B. In other words

C. By the way D. All in all

【解析】 根据you also need a good camera and comfortable shoes所提供的语境中的语意，此句是对发话人所讲意思的逻辑关系是增加补充故选A。而in other words 意为换句话说；by the way意为顺便问问；all in all意为总的说来，总共。

例如2：—I餸 afraid Mr. Wood can餿 see you until 4 o餭lock.

—Oh,________ I won餿 wait.(2005江西高考)

A. no doubt B. after all

C. in that case D. in this way

【解析】 根据对话中所提供的语境：Mr. Wood can餿 see you until 4 o餭lock.此句所讲意思与I won餿 wait的逻辑关系是解释和说明故选C。而no doubt意为毫无疑问；after all毕竟；终究；in this way以这种方法，显然不符合语境。

III. 连接词在完形填空中

语篇一般指比单个句子长的语言单位，如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语可称为语篇标志即连接词。如：表示结构层次的语篇标志语有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等。表示逻辑关系的有：thus, therefore, so等；表示改变话题的有：by the way等；表示递进关系的有besides, what is more, further等；表示时间关系的有before, so far, yet, meantime, meanwhile, now, later等等。在做完形填空题时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。

例如1： (2004北京卷) What laughing 42 we had about the 43 respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth. 44 , I wanted to write about that, but I wanted to45 it down simply for my own 46 , not for Mr. Fleagle, my composition teacher. 47 , I would write something else.

44. A. Especially B. Probably

C. Suddenly D. Fortunately

【解析】 第44小题考查依据语篇标志语作出判断的能力。文章一开始作者谈到由于写作文引发的一段回忆，回忆后提到“I wanted to write about it”。especially表示程度上的递进，与上下文不符。fortunately不符合语境；probably与“I wanted to write about it”前后矛盾，所以C(suddenly)为最佳选项。学生在完形填空时常常断章取义，就题论题，忽视上下文的信息提示。考生在做完形填空的过程中，应学会边读边在大脑中储藏上下文的信息。信息提示有时出现在前面，有时出现在后面。

例如2：（2005全国试卷Ⅰ）

“Well, it餾 really 54 I came to a restaurant where I餸 known” I said, “ 55 , I might have in trouble.”

54. A. a pity B. natural

C. a chance D. lucky

55. A. Thus B. However

C. Otherwise D. Therefore

【解析】 根据短文前面的信息，他此时应该感到幸运，要不然就会有麻烦了。故答案为D和C,而thus意为如此，因此；however可是；therefore因此，所以。

IV. 连接词在阅读理解中

阅读理解，既要求考生透过文章表面信息推测隐含意思，又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点，某些连接词(例如：however, but, on the contrary, what餾 more)后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。阅读理解中词义猜测题常见解题方法：

1. 因果推断法：借助因果连接词because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore, so/such …that等加以猜测。例如：

The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. (混浊)

2. 前后对比法：根据反义词或反义关系进行猜测。注意but, however, not…but, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary, although, while, yet, unlike, instead of等表示转折意义的连词，其前后在语意上有着明显的对比关系，通过这种对比关系的分析，将它的词义推出来。例如：

Most of us agreed; however, Bill, dissented. (disagree, 不同意见)

3. 类属分析法：由and, not only…but also, besides, similarly, likewise, in the same way等词引出的相同或类似的意思。例如：

The dromedary, like all other desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water. (一种沙漠里的动物，单峰骆驼。)

4. 举例说明法：根据such as, such…as, like, for example, for instance等列举的事物加以猜测词意。例如：

Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys. (由dogs, monkeys可知，creatures为动物)

V. 连接词在书面表达中

《2009年高考大纲》，要求考生根据题示进行书面表达。考生应能：

(1) 准确使用语法和词汇；

(2) 使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。

这就要求考生审完题以后，应合理地组织所给的材料。千万不能写得支离破碎，文理不通，让人不知所云。因此，在明确了应写的东西后应快速打好草稿。同时注重句与句之间、段与段之间如何才能衔接得紧密，做到前后连贯，层次分明，正确使用连接词可以有效地增强文章的可读性，流畅性同时增加文章的感情色彩，令人读起来赏心悦目。

例如：（2008年北京卷)

第一节 情景作文 (20分)

内容要点：

讨论

爬山

捡拾别人(或收拾自己)的垃圾

投放垃圾

One possible version:

Last Thursday, we had a class meeting to discuss where to go for our spring outing. We came up with several choices such as going boating, climbing a mountain, and going to an amusement park. Finally, we decided to go mountain climbing.

The next day, we set off early in the morning. While climbing the mountain, we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view. However, when reached the top, we were shocked to see litter here and there, such as bottles and banana peels. Then we started to pick up the litter. Afterwards, we put the rubbish into the nearby recycling bin and non瞨ecycling bin respectively.

We were tired but happy.

【解析】 读后可见三个and，两个such as，finally，however，then，afterwards等连接词，有效地把一连串的活动连接起来，增强文章的可读性、流畅性，同时增加文章的色彩，令人读起来赏心悦目。

现将中学英语课本中常见的连接词小结如下，供老师和同学参考：

1. 表示并列或递进：and, as well, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor;

2. 表示选择：or, either…or;

3. 表示转折：but, however, nevertheless(然而), although, though, or else, otherwise, after all, by the way;

4. 表示因果：because, as, since, for, for this reason, so, as a result, thus, therefore, so as to…;

5. 表示条件：if so, unless, provided that(假如), on condition that(如若);

6. 表示对比：while, whereas, instead, not…but, on the contrary, on the one hand…on the other hand; the former…the latter…;

7. 表示解释：for example, for instance, such as, e.g., that is, that is to say, namely, in other words;

8. 表示顺序：to begin with, for one thing, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next, later, soon, afterwards, since then, from then on, lastly, finally, in the end;

9. 表示强调：also, besides, furthermore, moreover, what餾 more, certainly, actually, in fact, as a matter of fact;

10. 表示结论：to sum up, in all, in a word, in short, in conclusion, in all, in my opinion, generally speaking。