浅析任务型阅读中词形、句义的变化

张海生

在任务型阅读题中，有时作者在设计空格时常常要求学生根据文章的内容，填上与之意义相近的词汇。但不少学生仅仅局限于文章中的词语，生搬硬套，而不能从句子的结构和语境的表达意义上去展开联想，其结果必然会造成失分。因此在解题时必须注意词汇的活用，所填的词汇可能会产生词形、句义上的变化。在吃透文章的基础上，对照文章的中的句子结构推敲所填词汇，才能获得较高的正确率。

一、 注意词形的变化

有时在解题时必须根据阅读文章中的话语改变其词形，而许多学生往往忽视这一点，不能灵活地根据句意或语境去变换。现从一些练习中加以归纳，以窥其变化。如：

1. However, distance learning might not be for everyone and there are several factors should consider before starting a program.

该句论述了远程教育的一些事宜，其中用了动词consider，而在后面表格的空格中却给出了这样的句子It gets more and more popular, but you need to take some factors into________. 根据此句的意思，可以看出此处应填上consider的名词形式consideration才妥当，因为take something into consideration 已构成了固定的词组，意为“把……加以考虑“与原句中consider一词意义相近，故应填consideration。

2. What leads to a low self瞖steem? Some people have a low self瞖steem because nobody encourages them during their childhood.

该句论述了有些人自尊心不强的原因是因为童年时代没有人对他们进行鼓励。

在句中用动词encourages，但在后面的表格中则是Lack________ during childhood.此时如果继续用动词的形式就无法表达，而正确的词汇应是其名词形式encouragement才与该空格意思相符合。

3. Finally, the key to improving your self瞖steem is to believe in yourself. Avoid the fears and doubts that you back, and choose to believe that you are a valuable person.

该句论述了如何才能提高自己的自尊心，应避开恐惧和怀疑，并坚信自己是有价值的人。

文章中用valuable一词来表达，但在后面的空格中是Avoid the fears and doubts. Believe that you have________. 因此根据表格中的实际语境应填其相应的名词形式value才符合该句的意思。

二、 注意句义的变化

在解题的过程中常常会碰到要求填的词汇在原文中未曾出现过，此时应结合段落的意思作出合理的推测。所填的词汇是否合乎句子和段落的含义，要根据空格前后的句意看是否有联系，而不能凭自己的主观臆造任意发挥。现通过一些练习实例来进行论述。

1. Efforts must be made to prevent these young beggars from doing this. “Foolish” parents should be criticized . Young beggars should be sent back to schools, where they can learn knowledge and techniques to prepare them for the future. Psychological treatment should be given to them to help them assume the correct attitude towards life when necessary.

Last but not least, compulsory education must be strengthened. Only by these means can these young beggars be turned into civilized citizens.

该段落主要论述了怎样才能有效地阻止儿童沿街乞讨的现象以及应采取哪些措施。根据这两小节内容，作者设计了两个空格。Some________ should be taken to stop young beggars.

Remind people of the________ and necessity of compulsory education. 这两个空格的所填之词不可能直接从文章中找到，应根据段落内容加以判断，第一句从动词take去展开联想，应是“采取的措施”故填measures为妥；第二句应从necessity去加以考虑，该词应与necessity 并列，说明对其教育的重要性和必要性，故应填importance为宜。

2. In recent society, using computers spreads quickly and widely, even including the field of children. Most people claim that it does children a lot of good to use computers, because they believe computers could help children study more effectively. But it is easier for children who couldn餿 control themselves to be too interested in playing computer games, which would be harmful to their physical health if they spend too much time in playing games.

该段落主要论述了儿童使用电脑的利与弊。在该短文后有这样三个空格要求学生填上合适的词汇。Using computers has a good________ on children餾 study…it will help children study more effectively. Computers play an educational role, but it is easy for children to be________ to playing games, which may be make them physically________. 要求填的词汇不能直接从该段落中找到，必须根据其空格中的句意加以猜测，第一句可从has a good…on加以判断，应填effect, impact或influence等；第二句应根据文章中的be too interested 和be________ to而猜测填addicted；第三空格应根据句中的which would be harmful to their physical health加以判断，此空格应填unhealthy。

通过上述两中情况可以看出，有时在做任务型阅读时必须根据短文的内容从多方面加以考虑，所填的词汇是否与原文的意思吻合，与空格中的内容是否存在着哪些语义上的搭配，是否要作一些词性、词形的变化等。认真对照文章和后面的练习，作出合理的推测才能取得较好的分数。