张志荣
1.in the future, in future
(1)in the future将来,未来,eg:
He made up his mind to be a scientist in the future.
他下定决心将来当一位科学家。
(2)in future从今以后,今后,eg:
In future, youll have to be more careful. 今后,你得更加小心。
2.possible, probable, likely
这些词都用作形容词,都表示“可能”。从词义的角度上来看,它们的可能性由小到大的排序为possible, likely, probable。possible意为“有可能”,而likely与probable意为“很可能”。从用法角度上来看,它们既有共同的用法也有不同的用法。
(1)三者都可用于It is+possible /probable/likely+that主语从句中。eg:
Its possible that we might be a bit late. 我们可能会晚一会儿到。
It is probable that they will win the election. 他们很可能赢得大选。
(2)possible和likely后面都可以接动词不定式,作表语的possible前面的主语必须是表物的名词、代词或者形式主语it,其后面可接“for sb. to do sth.”的动词不定式的复合结构;而作表语的likely前面的主语既可是表人的也可以是表物的名词或代词,或形式主语it,但其后不能接“for sb. to do sth.”的动词不定式复合结构。eg:
It is entirely possible for us to finish the task ahead of time.
我们完全有可能提前完成任务。
Everything is possible.
什么事都有可能。
Are you likely to be out late tonight?今天晚上你可能在外边呆很晚吧?
Do you think its likely to rain? 你认为可能下雨吗?
(3)三者都可用作前置定语,但如果名词还受另一个最高级形容词或only修饰时,possible作定语的位置既可以前置也可以后置。eg:
Whats a likely date for the next meeting?
下次会议可能是哪一天?
What is the likeliest time to find him at home?
他什么时候最可能在家里?
Its one of many possible answers. 它是许多可能的答案中的一个。
3.predict, forecast, foretell
(1)predict较正式,语气较强,指根据自然定律断定未来之事或从事实推断,其准确程度不一。eg:
predict success for the exploration 预言探险会成功
(2)forecast, predict同义,语气较弱,指根据已知的发展进程或将来情况作出大概的预测,尤用于天气预报。eg:
forecast the future预测未来
Snow has been forecasted for Sunday. 天气预报说星期天会下雪。
(3)foretell 为一般用词,可与 predict 换用,其主语可以是人或物。eg:
Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest. 瑞雪兆丰年。
Who can foretell what will happen in the year 2050? 谁能预料在2050年会发生什么?
4.contemporary, modern
(1)contemporary 当代的,现代的,指现在这个时代存在或发生的事情,比modern所包括的时间要短的多。
a lecture on contemporary literature 一个关于当代文学的演讲
(2)modern近代的,现代的,指历史的一个时代跨度很大,包括现代及刚过去的事物,可以是相当长的时间,也可以是很短的时间。
Television is a modern invention. 电视为近代发明。
The furniture she has just bought is very modern.
她刚买的家具是很现代化的。
5.show, suggest, indicate
(1)show (showed, shown) 表明,证明;指示,指明。常指通过视觉给人的感受。eg:
She never shows her feelings.
她从不表露她的感情。
He was showing us his holiday photos.
他在给我们看他度假的照片。
(2)suggest 表明,暗示;建议。eg:
Her expression suggested that she was angry.
她的表情表明她生气了。
I suggest bringing/that we bring the meeting to an end at once. 我建议立即结束会议。
(3)indicate 表明,说明,表示(有迹象表明)。eg:
His hesitation indicates unwillingness.他的犹豫不决表明他不愿意。
6.search, search for, search…for, in search of
(1)search用作及物动词,后接宾语常为人、物或场所,意思是“在哪个地方或人身上搜寻或搜查”。
Weve searched the house from top to bottom.我们把屋子上上下下搜查。
They searched every part of the building.他们对全楼进行了搜查了一遍。
They searched him but found nothing.
他们搜了他的身,但什么也没找到。
(2)search for为及物动词短语,常接寻找的对象,相当于 look for,强调寻找的过程。
Liu Jun, now better, is searching for work everywhere.
刘军,现在好了些,正在到处找工作。
(3)search…for… 意思是“在什么地方/人身上寻找某物”。eg:
The police searched the woods for the little girl.警察搜遍树林寻找那个小女孩。
(4)in search of是一个介词短语,表示“寻找”,在句中用作状语,表示目的。在这个介词短语中,search前不能有冠词。eg:
They have been to many places in search of their lost child.
他们曾去过很多地方寻找丢失的孩子。
7.diet, food
(1)diet指的是习惯的饮食或规定的食物,特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物,如病人的疗养饮食。eg:
This diet only allows you to eat fresh fruit.按照这份指定食谱,你只可以吃新鲜水果。
(2)food是一般用法,凡能吃喝的具有营养的东西都称为food。food是不可数名词,但在表示食品的种类时,可以用复数形式。eg:
Too many sweet foods will make you fat.
太多的甜食会使你发胖。
8.cure, treat
(1)cure治疗,治愈,强调治好疾病的结果,使病人恢复健康,有时可指突然的,戏剧性的痊愈。cure还可以指“矫正,纠正”,借喻指消除社会某种不良现象或个人恶习等。eg:
Radium is still used today for curing cancer. 如今仍用镭来治癌。
The parents tried to cure the child of his bad habits. 父母亲尽力纠正这个孩子的不良习惯。
(2)treat医治,治疗,强调治疗的动作或治疗的过程,不涉及治疗的结果。treat还作“对待,看待”讲。eg:
The doctors are trying their best to treat her with a new drug.
医生们在试用一种新药为她治病。
Which doctor is treating you for this trouble?
哪位医生在给你治病?
9.on the air, in the air
(1)on the air的意思是“播送”“广播”。可以指电台的播送,也可指电视在播送。eg:
The president will be on the air at nine this evening. 总统将在今晚九点钟作电视演说。
(2)in the air在空中,(谣言等)在流行中;在传播中;计划等尚未决定。eg:
The little girl wanted to get the balloon floating high up in the air.那个小女孩想要拿到在高空中浮着的气球。
There are rumours in the air that the president will resign.
有谣言说总统将会辞职。
Baseball is beginning to be in the air in China. 棒球运动开始在中国风行起来了。
The plan for building a new hall is still in the air. 修建新大厅的计划尚在酝酿之中。
10.cheat, fool
(1)cheat欺诈,欺瞒,骗取。主要指在营利的买卖中,或游戏竞赛中欺骗人,骗取人的钱财等。cheat也作“作弊”用。
That shopkeeper cheats his customers. 那家店主欺骗顾客。
(2)fool愚弄,欺骗,指利用人缺乏常识、心力薄弱来欺骗人。eg:
You cant fool her; shes much too clever for that.
你愚弄不了她;她非常精明,不会上你的当。
Dont fool him into doing that.
别诱骗他干那样的事。
11.require, demand, request
(1)这三个动词都有“要求,需要”之意,其含义和结构有所不同。
demand主语是人时表示“坚决要求,坚持要做某事”;主语是物时指“迫切需要”。demand后可接名词或代词,动词不定式及从句(从句用虚拟语气,即谓语用should+动词原形,其中的should可以省略)。eg:
The workers are demanding more money. 工人在要求加薪。
I demanded to know the truth. 我要求了解事实真相。
They demanded that he(should) be dismissed. 他们要求免他的职。
(2)require表示按照法规权利提出的要求或命令,含客观需要之意。其句型有:require sth., require(of) sb. to do sth., require that-从句(从句用虚拟语气), require doing(主动表被动),require to be done。eg:
This suggestion requires careful thought. 这项建议需要仔细考虑。
They required that we(should) get there before 9. 他们要求我们九点钟以前到达那里。
Our classroom requires cleaning.=Our classroom requires to be cleaned. 我们的教室需要打扫。
(3)request意为“恳请,请求”,侧重于指“通过正式手续提出要求”,其口气和缓,态度谦虚,主要句型有request sth.(from/of sb.), request sb. to do sth.,request that-从句(从句用虚拟语气,即谓语用should+动词原形)。eg:
The judge requested silence.
法官要求肃静。
Staff have requested that we(should) discuss this matter at the next meeting. 全体职员已要求我们在下次会议上讨论此事。
Guests are requested not to use the pool after 5 oclock in the afternoon. 客人请勿于下午五时后使用游泳池。
12.after all, above all, in all
(1)after all毕竟,到底,放在句首时,含有“别忘了”的意思。放在句尾时有和刚开始的想法相反的意味。eg:
You cant expect him to understand. After all, hes only six years old. 你别指望他理解。别忘了,他才六岁。
(2)above all首先,最重要的=more than anything else, the most important of all。 eg:
Never waste anything, and above all, never waste time.
千万不要浪费任何东西,而最重要的是千万不要浪费时间。
For this job, you need to be reliable and you need to be good with people but, above all, you need a sense of humor. 这份工作要求你为人可靠,善于和人相处,但是最重要的是你要有幽默感。
(3)in all总共=in total=altogether。eg:
How many people were there in all at the party?
出席聚会的共有多少人?
13.route, course
(1)route着重指“路线、路途或常规/固定路线”,有时也指达到某一目的的“途径、渠道”。eg:
Its not on the bus route. 这地方不在公共汽车的路线上。
the route to fame/power/success 成名的/获得权力的/成功的途径。
(2)course着重指“所经之路、方向、做事情的过程/进行/计划/行动/做法”等。eg:
During the course of the flight we shall be serving drinks.
飞行途中将提供给我们饮料。
Our course is directly south.
我们的行进方向是正南方。
14.collect, gather
这两个动词都可以表示“收集”“聚集”,但有几点不同。
(1)作为及物动词,它们的宾语是物,gather表示把分散的东西集中到一起;collect指精心地、有选择地收集。eg:
I gathered a few roses. 我采了一些玫瑰花。
Scientists have been gathering information about the disease.
科学家一直在收集有关这种疾病的资料。
(2)当宾语是人或动物时,通常用gather,这时这些人或动物都处于受支配状况。eg:
The lecturer gathered his books and papers together.
讲演的人把自己的书和论文收集起来。
(3)作为不及物动词,这两个词可以换用。
A crowd soon gathered/collected round him.
一群人很快聚集在他周围。
15.manage to do sth., try to do sth.
(1)manage to do sth.表示经过努力获得成功,设法做成了某事,相当于succeed in doing sth.。eg:
Do you think well manage to finish the work by Friday?
你认为到星期五我们可以完成这项工作吗?
(2)try to do sth.意为“尽力或设法去做某事”,而结果如何,不得而知。eg:
Jim had a lot of homework, but he said he would try to finish it before bedtime. 吉姆有许多家庭作业,但他说他将尽力在睡觉前完成。
16.die of, die from
二者均有“因……而死”“死于”之意,指“因疾病而死”时,可互换。但是,die of主要指由于饥饿、寒冷、年老或情感(如爱情、悲伤、羞愧、大笑等)等原因引起的死亡;die from一般指由于外因(如环境、受伤、事故等)造成的死亡。eg:
Many westerners die from/die of heart illnesses at an early age.
许多西方人因患心脏病而死得早。
The old lady died of old age.
这位老太太终享天年了。
Millions of poor people die of hunger and cold in the world every year. 每年世界上都有数百万穷人死于饥饿,寒冷。
Mr Wang died from overwork.
王先生因操劳过度而死。
Careless drivers usually die from traffic accidents.鲁莽的司机往往死于交通事故。
17.know, know of, know about
know意为“知道”“认识”“熟悉”;know of意为“听说过”“知道(有)……”;know about意为“了解”“知道……情况”。eg:
Do you know where she lives?
你知道她住在哪里吗?
I know of only one factory that has closed down.
我听说只有一家工厂倒闭了。
He didnt know about the meeting yesterday. 他不了解昨天的会议。