崔 敏
1.It is, however, possible to use models to make forecasts about future developments. 但是根据现在的生活模式可以对未来生活的发展进行预测。
(1)本句中it为形式主语,真正的主语是不定式to use…about future developments, however为插入语。
(2)forecast作动词或名词时,表示“预测,预报”,后面接宾语从句或同位语从句,常用短语make forecast about表示“对……做出预测”。例如:
The newspapers forecast that the Democrats would be totally beaten came true. 报纸预测民主党人将被彻底击败,结果变成了事实。
Its fun to make forecasts about a persons future health and wealth. 对一个人将来的健康和财富做预测很有趣。
2.A good example of how transportation is changing is the new maglev train, which is environmentally friendly, energy-saving and travels at an amazing 430 km/h. 新型的磁悬浮列车就是交通运输变化的一个很好的例子。它既环保,又节约能源,还能以430公里的惊人时速行驶。
(1)an example of 表示“……的例子,榜样”。例如:
The temple is an example of early Chinese architecture.这座寺庙是中国古代建筑的典型。
The judge made an example of the young man by sentencing him to capital punishment.
法官为惩一儆百,对那年轻人处以经济惩罚。
(2)amazing常用作褒义形容词表示“了不起的,令人惊奇的”,动词形式为amaze,名词形式为amazement,意为“吃惊”。例如:
The new plane goes at an amazing speed.
新飞机飞行速度令人惊奇。
What an amazing performance! 多么了不起的表演!
Her knowledge amazes me.
她的学识令我感到惊奇。
He looked at me in amazement. 他惊愕地看着我。
3.Many companies and consumers have already begun reforming the way they do business. 许多公司和消费者已经开始改变他们之间的交易形式。
(1)reforming the way they do business是动名词短语作宾语。动词begin的宾语也可以是不定式,可改为…began to reform the way they do business;they do business作名词way的定语从句。 reform既可作名词又可作动词,表示“改革,改进;悔改”。例如:
The reform and open policy has brought us Chinese people a rich and colourful life.
改革开放的政策给我们中国人民带来了富裕和丰富多彩的生活。
There are signs that hes reforming. 有迹象表明他在变好。
(2)名词way(方法)后面的定语从句的关系词可用that代替in which,也可不用任何关系代词。例如:
The way(that/in which) youre doing is completely crazy.
你这么干,简直疯了。
I cant copy the way you dance. 我不能模仿你跳舞的方式。
4.Instead of searching a crowded store for basic goods, such as food and clothes, people want to go to a pleasant mall and combine shopping with fun.人们想去一个令人身心愉悦的购物中心,集购物和娱乐于一体,而不是在拥挤的商店中穿梭只为了寻找生活必需品,比如说食品、衣服,而失去了购物的乐趣。
(1)本句主要运用了由instead of所引导的并列分句。instead of后面接名词、代词、动名词等,它所引导的分词可在句首,也可置于句中。instead of相当于in place of或rather than,表示“代替,而不是……”。例如:
If you cant go, hell go instead of you.
如你不能去,他愿替你去。
He went to Beijing instead of going abroad.
他没出国而是去了北京。
She plays basketball instead of football.
她打篮球而不是踢足球。
(2)search既作名词又作动词,表示“搜查,寻找”,常用词组in search of表示“寻找”,search for sb./sth.表示“搜寻”。例如:
I went off in search of a garage where I could buy some petrol. 我跑去寻找加油站买汽油。
They searched the man all over for money.
他们搜查了那个人的全身找钱。
Soldiers are searching for a prisoner in the village.
士兵们在村子里搜查逃犯。
5.Talk about deadly diseases and attitudes towards AIDS, cancer, etc. 谈论绝症以及对待艾滋病、癌症等的态度。
(1)deadly是形容词,表示“致命的,致死的,要命的;死一般的,死气沉沉的;极度的,非常的”。例如:
He gave the dog a deadly blow. 他给了这条狗致命的一击。
I dont like a deadly conversation especially with him.
我不喜欢死气沉沉的谈话,尤其是和他。
A deadly silence filled the class. 教室里极其安静。
(2)attitude是可数名词,表示“态度”,通常与attitude搭配的有take(采取),adopt(采取),keep(保持)等,介词习惯用towards或to。例如:
Some people have the wrong attitude towards people with disabilities. 一些人对残疾人抱有错误的态度。
Peoples attitude towards the idea varies widely. 人们对这个观点的态度很不相同。
Which attitude will you adopt to the event?你对这件事采取什么样的态度?
6.I can become infected with HIV by swimming in a pool, holding hands or kissing someone with HIV.
我可能因为在游泳池游泳,与艾滋病病毒感染者握手或亲吻而感染艾滋病病毒。
infect是及物动词,表示“传染,感染”,常用于infect sb. with sth.或become infected with…结构。例如:
The patient infected me with a bad cold.
这病人把重感冒传染给了我。
He infected his wound with disease germs.
他的伤口感染了病菌。
Be careful not to be infected with flu. 小心别传染上流感。
When he was in prison, he was infected with all sorts of antisocial ideas. 他在狱中受到各种反动思想的影响。
7.It is safe to be friends with people who are living with HIV/AIDS. 跟正在忍受艾滋病的人交朋友是安全的。
词组live with表示“与……一起生活;忍受,忍耐”。例如:
He doesnt live with his parents. 他不和父母住在一起。
You have to learn to live with stress. 你得学会忍受压力。
8.What does Jane do with the information she collects? 简用她收集的信息做什么?
(1)do with有“处理,对付”之意,往往用于What…do with…?句型中,表示“如何处理……”的意思,what作do的宾语。例如:
What can we do with these rotten apples?
我们如何处理这些烂苹果呢?
(2)而deal with用在How…deal with…?句型中,表示“怎样来对付,处理……”的意思,how是状语,表方式。例如:
How will they deal with this problem? 他们将怎样处理这个问题?
9.Take notes of what you hear on the tape. 记下你在录音中听到的。
take notes of相当于take a note of,也可以说make notes of或make a note of意为“记下,记录”。例如:
Make a note of the title of the books. 记下这些书的书名。
The students are busy taking notes in class.
学生们忙着在课堂上做笔记。
10. Use the role card in the group discussion and try to persuade the other group members that your problem is the most serious one. 在小组讨论中使用任务卡,并说服其他组员,你所说的问题是最严重的。
persuade 是及物动词,表示“说服,劝服”,常用结构为:①persuade sb. to do sth./into doing sth.表示“说服某人做某事”;②persuade sb. that从句,表示“说服某人……”;③persuade sb. out of doing sth.表示“说服某人不做某事”。例如:
He persuaded her to go/into going with him.
他说服了她和他一块儿去。
He persuaded me that death does not end all. 他说服了我,让我相信死并不能使一切结束。
I persuaded him out of smoking. 我劝服他戒了烟。
11.Xiaohuas mother contracted HIV when she was 28, and she died of AIDS only three years after Xiaohua was born. 小华的母亲在28岁时就染上了艾滋病病毒,并且在小华只有三岁时,就死于艾滋病。
(1)contract作动词,表示“感染(通常指不太好的事),签订合约”的意思。例如:
With nobody caring about him, the boy contracted the bad habit of injecting drugs. 由于没有人关心他,这个男孩染上了吸毒的恶习。
She had contracted a most unsuitable marriage.
她定下的婚约极不相配。
contract还可以作名词,表示“契约,合同”,常用于make a contract with sb.结构。例如:
You shouldnt make a contract with her until you have thought twice. 你应该仔细考虑之后,再和她签订合约。
(2)die of和die from都指“因……而死”,其区别如下:die of指死于内因即疾病、衰老、饥饿、情感等;die from指死于(枪)伤、虚弱、过度劳累、饮食过度等。例如:
Her grandmother died of hunger. 她的祖母由于饥饿而死。
The child died from weakness.
这孩子因身体虚弱而死。
12.The disease is spreading fast in Africa and parts of Asia, mainly because of a lack of proper health care, prevention and education. 这种疾病在非洲和亚洲部分地区传播得很快,主要是因为那里缺乏合理的保健措施,预防措施及关于艾滋病的教育。
(1)lack一般用作及物动词,但有时也用作不及物动词,与for搭配,表示“缺乏”,习惯用于否定句。例如:
I lack the courage to do it.
我没有勇气去做那件事。
He doesnt lack for friends.
他不缺少朋友。
(2)lack还可用作名词,表示“缺乏,没有(多作不可数名词,有时可加不定冠词)”,常用短语有:have no lack of “不缺乏……”。例如:
The boy cant go to school for(through/from) lack of money.
因为缺钱,那个男孩上不了学。
13.As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most. 就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样,最遭罪的是年轻人。
(1)as with是as is often the case with的省略,as是代词,引导非限制性定语从句,代表后面整个句子。例如:
As with young birds, the time comes for the young to leave.
正像小鸟常有的情况那样,年轻人离家的时候到了。
As with my father, I like football very much. 正如我父亲一样,我也非常喜欢足球。
(2)suffer可作不及物动词,表示“受苦,患病,遭受损失”,常用搭配suffer for表示“因某事而受罚”,suffer from表示“患病”。例如:
His health suffered terribly from heavy drinking.
他的健康因豪饮而严重受损。
Hell suffer for his foolish behavior. 他会因自己的愚蠢行为而受到惩罚。
suffer还可作及物动词,表示“遭受(痛苦、损害等);忍受,忍耐”,通常用于否定句、疑问句。例如:
In the battle, the enemy suffered heavy loss.
战斗中,敌人伤亡惨重。
Ill no longer suffer this insult. 我不会再忍受这种侮辱了。
14.Two weeks ago, Dr Richards asked me a great many questions and took samples of my blood.两周前,Richards医生问了我许多问题并抽取了我的血样。
a great/good many可用作形容词,表示“非常多的”;也可用作代词,表示“很多东西(人),多数”,常与of连用,这时后面的名词前要加限定词。例如:
There are a great many students in the classroom.
教室里有很多学生。
A great many of the flowers are white.
那些花大多数是白色的。
15.I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that my life was going to end.我记得我当时感到脑子里一片空白,并认为我的生命即将走到尽头。
(1)remember后跟两个v-ing形式,remember doing sth.表示“记得曾经做过某事”。
(2)end既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,表示“结束,终止”,常与war, struggle, strike, trip, speech, lecture等名词搭配使用。常用短语为end in“以……告终,结果……”;end up表示“最后(有某种结局),最后(成了)”;end up with表示“以……结束”。例如:
Why hasnt anything been done to end the strike? 为什么不采取措施来结束这次罢工呢?
This plan ended in failure.
这个计划以失败而告终。
He ended up his speech with a proverb. 他用一个谚语结束了他的演讲。
16.Compare the writers situation with that of Xiaohua in the reading passage. 把作者的情形和阅读材料中小华的情形相比较。
compare可用作及物动词,意思是“比较,比作,比喻”,常用结构有:compare sth. with sth.表示“把……和……相比较”;compare sth. to sth.表示“把……比作……”;compared to/with表示“和……比起来(相比)”。例如:
Compare the copy with the original. 比较一下模本和原稿。
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。
Compared with/to many women, she is very fortunate.
和许多妇女相比,她很幸运。