被动语态

刘　萍

英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍，许多课本乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动式。须注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有“被……”的意思，英语却用被动态的情况。还要注意，英语的被动态往往由“by”引出，而有些用介词“by”的短语往往又不是被动态，而是系表结构。还有些待殊现象，如…known to man(人类所知……)，on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot)等等。还有假主动，真被动的十几个常用词的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried等习惯用法。有关这类情况，做到心中有数，对全面掌握被动态，准确无误地解答习题非常关键，被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂，怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确“将来进行无被动，现在完成进行同”。这两种时态无被动形式。

另外，不及物动词，系动词，反身代词，相互代词以及同源宾语是不能变为被动语态的。即便如此，还有不定式，动名词，分词，以及它们的复合结构的被动态，再加上情态动词，助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂，真是令人头痛，眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词do为例，即do, did过去式, done过去分词，以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态，一定对你有所启示。

被动语态的口诀

一般现、过用be done， be有人称、时、数变。

完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。

一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done。

将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing,

现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。

现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done。

情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。

否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。

主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。

一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。

复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。

第二句“be有人称、时、数变”即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。“情助”是指情态动词和助动词must，may，can，shall，will等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。“疑问一助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明。

一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变

例：１. 主动：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.

被动：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.

孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。

２. 主动：People regard him as brilliant.

被动：He is regarded as brilliant by people.

人们认为他很有才华。

以上两例都是一般时态用be done的例子，be有人称、时、数变，第三人称foreign friends是复数，时态一般过去时，所以“be done”就是weregiven，而People regard him as brilliant一句，被动后的“be done”就变成单数第三人称is regarded的形式了。

完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。

(过去完成时had done也包括在内)。

例：１.主动：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school.

被动：English has been studied for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school. (have随新主语变为has)

我们已经在夜校里断断续续地学了三年英语了。

２.主动: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.

被动: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.

到去年年底他们已生产出一百台拖拉机。

３.主动：They have set up a power station in their home town.

被动：A power station has been set up in their home town.

他们的家乡建立了一座发电站。

４.主动：They have warned us to be careful of rats.

被动：We have been warned to be careful of rats.

他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。

５.主动：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.

被动: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.

人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。

６.主动：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity.

被动：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity.

核能已用来发电。

７.主动：No one has ever beaten him at tennis.

被动：He has never been beaten at tennis.

就网球来说还没有人是他的对手。

过去完成时也是一样：

主动: Somebody had cleaned my shoes.

被动: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.

有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。

一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done

即由shall do或will do变为shall be done或will be done。例：

主动:We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year.

被动：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year. 明年我市将建几座大型的现代化发电厂。

(shall do中的shall要随新主语变为will, do变为be done)

主动：I shall send my second boy to school next September.

被动：My second boy will be sent to school next September.

明年九月我将送我次子去读书。

但如果是一般过去将来时如何处理呢？

一般过去将来时，过去某时将发生。例：

主动：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.

被动：…whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time.

几天前，我们还不能肯定能否提前执行新的计划。

主动：I did not say that we would change the equipment.

被动：I did not say that the equipment would be changed.

我并没说过，我们将换掉那台设备。

将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing。

现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。

即将来进行时表示动作在将来某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行，现在完成进行时表示某一行为发生在过去，延续到现在，可能还要延续下去。两种时态则不用被动语态。

例：We hope your company will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. (将来进行时) 我们希望贵公司早些派一名工程师来检查这台设备。

In a few minutes our passenger plane will be flying in the stratosphere. (将来进行时) 几分钟后我们的客机将在同温层中飞行。

I have been living in Anshan Since 1980. (现在完成进行时)

1980年以来，我一直住在鞍山。

How long have you been studying English? (现在完成进行时)

你学英语多久了?

现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done

即现在进行时或过去进行时都是be的人称、时和数的形式加doing。而被动态则是be加上being done的形式，being是不变的。现在进行时和过去进行时的被动态是被动态中的重点，容易搞错。例如：

主动：The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute.

被动：The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers.

工人们正在维修东北工学院主楼。

情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。

带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂,他们要随新的主语来变化，这些词如can, could； will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need需要；have to不得不；be going to; used to; seem to; happen to等。例如：

主动: We must keep this in mind.

被动：This must be kept in mind.

我们必须把这个记在心里。

主动：We can put the refrigerator in that place. (refrigerator=freezer)

被动：The refrigerator can be put in that place.

我们可以把电冰箱放在那个地方。

主动：We shall not use the washing machine again.

被动：The washing machine will not be used again.

我们不能再用那台洗衣机了。

原来的shall被动态中随新主语变为will。

否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前

在否定句的被动态中，否定副词not一定加在第一助动词之后，不放在别的助动词之后。同样在疑问句的被动态中，第一助动词置于主语之前。

例：Why has(一助) not anything been(二助) done to end the strike?

not必须放在第一助动词has之后，第一助动词has必须放在主语anything之前。

决不可写成:Why has not been anything done to end the strike?或Why has been not anything done to end the strike?

为什么不采取些措施来结束罢工呢?

The exercise will not be done in class.

不可写成：The exercise will be not done in class.

练习不用在课堂上完成.

主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前

凡主语恰好是一个疑问词或由疑问词来修饰主语时，后面要用陈述语序。

例: What(主语) could be dropped from a satellite? 卫星上扔下何物?

What measures(主语) are being taken to develop this new science?

(主语为疑问词what所修饰) 正在采取什么措施来发展这门新科学?

What kind of device(主语) is needed to make the control system simple? (主语为疑问词所修饰) 需要什么装置来使控制系统简化?

What has been done to improve the techniques? 采取了什么措施来改进这些技术呢? (what恰是句子的主语) 应指出的是有的学生把We study diligently.和She could see herself clearly in the mirror. 都硬行变成被动了, 殊不知不及物动词通常是没有被动态的。

不及物动词，系动词，反身代词，相互代词以及同源宾语是不能变为被动语态的。

★She introduced herself as Mrs Burke.

她自我介绍说她是伯克太太。

★You should help and learn from each other.

你们应该互相帮助，互相学习。

★We live a happy life. 我们过着幸福生活。

有些动词可以带双宾语 在用于被动结构时，主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面；直接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语前通常加上介词for/to。

★He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

在记者招待会上人们问了他很多问题。

★They are taught a lot of things in the kindergartens.

他们在幼儿园被教给很多东西。

★A new MP4 was given to him as birthday present.

作为生日礼物他收到了一个新的MP4。

【特别提醒】

有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾补，但改为被动结构后要加上“to”。例如:

We heard him sing in his room just now.→He was heard to sing in his room just now.刚才听到他在房间里唱歌。

一、 被动语态的构成总结：

1. 一般现在时的被动语态的构成：is/am/are+及物动词的过去分词

Our classroom is cleaned every day. I am asked to study hard.

2. 一般过去时的被动语态的构成：was/were+及物动词的过去分词

A new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3. 现在完成时的被动语态的构成：has/have+been+及物动词的过去分词

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4. 一般将来时的被动语态的构成：will+be+及物动词的过去分词

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5. 含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6. 现在进行时的被动语态的构成：am/is/are+being+及物动词的过去分词

Tom is mending my bike now.→My bike is being mended by Tom now. They are planting trees over there.→Trees are being planted over there by them.

7. 不定式的被动语态：to+be+及物动词的过去分词

There are two books to be read.

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：

1. 先找出谓语动词；

2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；

3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；

4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例：

1. Bruce writes a letter every week.

→A letter is written by Bruce every week.

2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.

→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

3. He has written two novels so far.

→Two novels have been written by him so far.

4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.

→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

5. Lucy is writing a letter now.

→A letter is being written by Lucy now.

6. You must lock the door when you leave.

→The door must be locked when you leave.

三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1. 不及物动词无被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years？

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

This pen writes well. This new book sells well.

3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。例：

make somebody do something→somebody+be+made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody+be+seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

We cant laugh at him.→He cant be laughed at by us.

He listens to the radio every day.→The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man.→The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

被动语态基础练习：

1. Our house ____.

A. is getting paint B. is getting painted

C. is got painted D. has got to paint

2. He arrived in Beijing, where he ____ his friend.

A. was met by B. was met C. was meeting D. met by

3. The war ____ in 1937.

A. was broken out B. had been broken out

C. has broken out D. broke out

4. The mistakes in the exercises will ____ the teacher.

A. cross B. be crossing C. be crossed by D. cross by

5. My brother and I have ____ her birthday party.

A. been invited B. been invited for

C. invited to D. been invited to

6. It ____ this way.

A. is had to do B. is had to be done

C. had to be done D. has to do

7. It ____ this way.

A. used to do B. used to be done

C. is used to do D. is used to doing

8. ____ Chaplin.

A. The childs name was called B. The childs name calls

C. The child calls D. The child is named

9. The sports meeting ____.

A. is put off B. is to put off C. is to be put off D. puts off

10. Mary realized she ____.

A. was making fun of B. was made fun

C. was being made fun of D. was being made fun

11. ____ to say a thing in that way.

A. It is considers wrong B. It is considered wrong

C. It is considered its wrong D. It is considering wrong

12. He ordered that the books ____ at once.

A. would be printed B. would print

C. be printed D. print

13. The story ____ in China.

A. was taken place B. was happened

C. took place D. has been taken place

14. The house ____ my parents.

A. is belong to B. belong to C. belongs to D. is belonged to

15. He ____ by his teacher.

A. happened to see B. was happened to see

C. happened to be seen D. was happened to be seen

16. Great changes ____ in our province. Many tall buildings ____.

A. have been taken place, have been set up

B. have taken place, have been set up

C. were taken place, have been set up

D. were taken place, were set up

17. The halls ____ but its not yet ____ with lamps.

A. furnished, finished B. been finished, been furnished

C. being finished, being furnished D. set up, full

18. The new hall is the tallest building in this town. ____ from here?

A. Can it see B. Can it be seen

C. Can it seen D. Can see

19. As soon as we got to the airport, we found that the plane ____.

A. had already taken off B. already took off

C. was already taking off D. was already taken off

20. Some of the hotels in my hometown ____.

A. have now been rebuilding B. are now rebuilding

C. are now being rebuilt D. are rebuilt now

Key:1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.C