1. begin, start
begin常见意思有:“开始,着手”。start 常见的意思有:“开始,动身,发动,开办,流出,惊起”。
当start作“开始”解时,它的同义词是begin,在句子中可以互换使用;它们的后面既可以跟不定式,也可以跟动名词。在三种情况下一般用不定式而不用动名词:主语是物而不是人时;本身为-ing形式时;其后的动词表示想法、感情时。例如:
The ice began/started to melt. 冰开始融化。
She is just beginning/starting to write the letter.
她刚刚开始写那封信。
They are just beginning/starting to plant trees. 他们刚刚开始栽树。
He began/started to understand it. 他开始明白这件事情。
2. run out, run out of
run out=become used up意思是“用完了”,其主语通常是时间、金钱、事物等名词。
run out of意思是“用完,耗尽,把……撵走”,主语一般是人,表示主动含义。例如:
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花完了。
Their food ran out in a minute because of hunger.
由于饥饿他们的食物很快就吃光了。
He is always running out of money before pay day.
他老是在发工资的日子前就把钱花光了。
I have run out of my money to buy a new computer.
我花光了钱买了一台新电脑。
We ran him out of the town. 我们把他撵出城。
3. resolve, solve
resolve是“决心,决定;解决,解答;做决议;解析”的意思,强调解决困难的决心和能力。solve是“解答,解决”的意思,主要用来表示解答数字等难题。例如:
They resolve to work hard. 他们决心努力工作。
We have resolved all doubts. 我们已经消除了一切疑问。
The mystery was resolved. 这个秘密被解开了。
He finally solved the difficulty of work. 他终于解决了工作中的困难。
Have you solved all the problems yet?你把所有的问题都解答了吗?
4. else, other
else和other都可以表示“别的”、“其他的”,但二者也有一定的区别:
1)other用作形容词,修饰单、复数名词或代词one,位于所修饰的词之前。例如:
Whats that in your other hand? 你的另一只手里拿着什么?
Other people may not think that way. 别人可能不这样想。
This story is more interesting than the other one.
这个故事比那个更有趣。
other用作代词时,意为“别人的”、“别的东西”。例如:
I dont like these. Have you any others?
我不喜欢这些。你有些别的吗?
2)else作形容词时,用在who, whose, what等疑问代词或something, anything, nothing, anybody, nobody等不定代词后作定语。例如:
Would you like anything else to drink, Miss Yang?
杨小姐,你还要喝点别的什么吗?
Do you have anything else to say? 你还有别的事情要说吗?
Who else will go to the medical conference?
还有谁要去参加医学大会?
else作副词时,用在when, where等疑问副词后作状语。例如:
Where else are you going to stay?你们还要在什么地方停留?
5. by, until, before
1)by表示在某特定的时间之前或不迟于某特定的时间,意为“最迟在”、“不迟于”或“在……之前”等。例如:
I will finish my task by nine. 我将在九点钟前完成任务。
The plane takes off at 10:00, so you must try to be at the airport by 9:30. 飞机在十点钟起飞,所以你必须在九点半之前赶到机场。
2)until用在肯定句中,谓语动词通常是stand, stay, talk, wait等延续性动词,表示主句动作终止的时间。例如:
I waited until he came back.我一直等到他回来。
The war lasted until 1945.战争持续到1945年。
[注意]until如果用在否定句中,谓语动词通常是open, start, leave, arrive, finish, stop等瞬间性动词,强调主句动作开始的时间。例如:
I didnt leave the boy until his mother turned up.
直到这孩子的母亲来,我才离开。
The noise in the street didnt stop until it was midnight.
街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
3)before用作连词时,意为“在……之前”,有时可译为“没来得及……”或“……才……”等。例如:
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.
爱因斯坦差不多将我撞倒才看见了我。
He had measured me before I could get in a word.
我还没来得及插话,他就把我的尺寸量好了。
6. trust, believe
1)trust多用来表示“相信某人的品德、为人和能力”等,和in连用时,指“深信其可靠性”。例如:
We have always trusted him. 我们一直信任他。
Do you trust in the man in blue over there?
你信任那边穿蓝衣服的那个人吗?
You should trust the teachers and try your best.
你应该相信你的老师,并且尽你最大的努力。
2)believe侧重于“相信某人所说的话”,后接in时表示“信仰、信奉(真理、原则、宗教等)”。例如:
Dont believe what the boy said. 不要相信这个男孩的话。
We believe in her very much. 我们非常信任她。
7. try to do sth., try doing sth.
try to do sth.意思是“尽力或设法去做某事”,事情的结果如何,不得而知。例如:
Try to finish your work on time, please! 请尽量按时完成你的工作!
2)try doing sth. 表示“试着去做某事”。例如:
Yesterday the old man tried opening the door.
昨天这位老人试着打开门。
8. be filled with, be full of
1)be filled with意为“充满……”。例如:
The young man is filled with joy. 那个年轻人内心充满喜悦。
She was filled with happiness when she heard the news.
她听到这个消息时,心中充满了喜悦。
2)be full of是短语形容词,含义与filled with相近,意思是“装满了……”,可充当状语、定语(后置)或表语。例如:
Tom stared at the footprint, full of fear.
汤姆盯着那个脚印看,十分恐怖。(状语)
He received several baskets full of cards, letters and telegrams of congratulations.他收到了满满几篮子表示祝贺的卡片、贺信和贺电。(定语)
The room is full of people. 房间里挤满了人。(表语)
9. costume, clothing, clothes
(1)costume指某一地区,某一朝代或某个团体的人所穿的具有一定特色的“服装”,也指演员穿的“戏剧服装”。
Chinese national costumes are really very colourful.
中国的民族服装的确是丰富多彩的。
Elizabethan costumes were displayed at the exhibition.
展览会上展出了伊利莎白朝代的服装。
(2)clothing指所有的“衣物”或“衣着”,该词为集合名词,没有复数形式。
Sometimes Jenny dressed in mans clothing.詹妮有时穿着男人的服装。
We must be on guard against the wolf in sheeps clothing.
我们必须警惕披着羊皮的狼。
(3)clothes为“衣服”的总称,包括上衣、裤子、内衣。它不单指某一件衣服。只有复数形式。
Please send those clothes to the laundry.
请把这些衣服送到洗衣店去。
10. in time, on time
on time的意思是“准时”,“按时”,指正好在规定的时间内。in time的意思是“及时”,指按照预定的时间行事,不迟,尚有富裕时间可做些别的事情。另外,in time后面可接介词for,on time则不能这样用。
You must always return your library book on time.
你必须经常按时归还从图书馆借的书籍。
The train arrived into the station on time. 火车准时到达。
Youre just in time for the football match. 你正好赶上足球比赛。
The baby was badly ill. Luckily the doctor came in time. He was saved. 婴儿病得很重。幸好医生及时赶到,他得救了。
11. farmer, peasant
两者都可以作“农民”解。farmer指经营农场的人,主要用于英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、美国等,因为这些国家的农业以农场经营为主。peasant常指非英语国家的雇农、佃农或自耕农。在我们国家,目前将“农民”都译为peasant。
Whats the old peasant saying to them?那位老农在对他们说什么?
The man is a farmer who owns a farm in California.
这个人是一个农民,他在加利福尼亚州拥有一个农场。
About eighty percent of the population in our country are peasants.
我国约80%的人是农民。
12. whole, all
这两个词在用法上有以下几点值得注意:
(1)all一般位于冠词、物主代词或其它限定词之前,即:all+限定词+单数名词。
All the school was very happy at that time. 那时全校师生都很开心。
(2)whole则位于这些限定词之后,即:限定词+whole+单数名词。如果名词前没有限定词,不能用whole,如可说all day,但不能说whole day。
When the driver told me the whole story, I felt very happy about the ending. 当司机给我讲完整个故事,我对结局感到高兴。
(3)whole与all的后面也可接复数名词,其结构分别是“all+限定词+复数名词”,“the whole of+复数名词”。
All the students are busy cleaning the streets.
全体学生都忙于打扫街道。
The whole of the students went to the zoo. 全体学生都去动物园了。