海榄雌(学名Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vi‐erh.)是马鞭草科海榄雌属植物,含有萜类、酚类、黄酮、醌类、多糖、有机酸、植物激素等成分。海榄雌具有抗炎、降血糖、抗肿瘤、抑菌等活性。海榄雌是热带红树林生态系统中属于分布最为广泛的种群之一[1-3]。在中国南部沿海,海榄雌占红树林总面积的35%左右,生态幅度宽,环境适应能力强,具有耐贫瘠和抗风浪的特性,在淤泥质等不同的海滩上都可以生长,生物资源相当丰富[4-5]。通过对近年来文献报道的总结发现,从海榄雌提取到的成分有类固醇、萜类和类黄酮等[6-13]。
1化学成分
贾睿等[6]从白骨壤的叶子中分离得到了8新种松香烷二萜类化合物。冯妍等[14]从海榄雌枝、叶中分离得到白桦酸、白桦醇、羽扇豆醇等三萜类,山柰酚等多酚类,5,7-二羟基-3’,4’,5’-三甲氧基黄酮等黄酮类,3-吲哚甲酸等植物激素类共10个化合物。易湘茜等[15]、谢文佩等[16]、王何健等[17]利用NMR、MS等现代光谱技术,从白骨壤果实中共分离鉴定苯乙醇苷、黄酮、多酚、生物碱、酯类及芳香类共53个化合物。尹枭雄等[18]利用超声辅助的方法从白骨壤中提取多糖。Kathircesan等[19]从白骨壤的叶子中分离得到了可以抗血凝固的多糖类化合物。方旭波等[20]从白骨壤的树枝中提取得到了具有抗补体活性的相对分子量为97 600的中性糖蛋白。
2药理活性
2.1抗炎活性
Bandsranayake等[21-22]利用乙醇提取海榄雌的种子,所得的提取液还有消炎止痛的效果;生果实和树叶捣碎后敷于伤口上,能促进伤口愈合。李进强等[23]发现白骨壤萃取物的对DPPH具有一定清除活性。周桂等[24]研究表明白骨壤抗菌蛋白对香蕉炭疽病菌的抑制作用。
2.2抗肿瘤活性
在对海榄雌的活性成分的研究上,发现其具有抗肿瘤作用[12,21,25-26]。自1993年以来,日本学者Premanathan等[27-31]先后报道了红树科植物多糖具有明显的抗肿瘤作用。贾睿等[6]对红树植物白骨壤的粗提物进行活性实验。
2.3抗病毒活性
日本学者Nakano等[32]在专利中写明了半红树豆科植物Momordiia charantia和Aspala‐thus linearis酸性多糖抗艾滋病毒制剂的研制。2001年,日本学者Kimura等[33]采用80%乙醇回流提取秋茄的种子,得到果胶多糖。
2.4增强免疫活性
英国学者Hokputsa等[34]报道了从小花老鼠筋树枝中分离到具有免疫活性的果胶多糖物,未来有望作为免疫增强剂应用到临床上。方旭波[35]通过水提醇沉得到海榄雌多糖,并对其进行结构鉴定。
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基金项目:海南省自然科学基金(221QN0923)[中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所陈吴海,梁楚彤,郭宏斌,罗成,曾绍东,叶剑芝(通信作者)]