点阵激光应用于面部皮肤年轻化的研究进展

2024-06-17 22:31施留杰张云松
医学美学美容 2024年10期

施留杰 张云松

[摘 要] 面部皮肤年轻化是当今临床实践和美容领域的热点话题,鉴于手术治疗存在一定创伤,多种非手术治疗方法受到广泛关注。其中点阵激光属于激光疗法的一种,可分为剥脱性点阵激光和非剥脱性点阵激光。点阵激光单独应用或与其他治疗方式联合应用的疗效确切,具有良好的应用前景。本文就不同类型的点阵激光疗法应用于面部皮肤年轻化的相关研究进展作一综述,以期为面部皮肤年轻化需求患者提供更为全面、有效地医疗美容服务。

[关键词] 面部皮肤年轻化;点阵激光;剥脱性点阵激光;非剥脱性点阵激光

[中图分类号] R622 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1004-4949(2024)10-0025-03

Research Progress of Fractional Laser in Facial Skin Rejuvenation

SHI Liu-jie, ZHANG Yun-song

(Department of Plastic and Cosmetic, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, Guangdong, China)

[Abstract] Facial skin rejuvenation is a hot topic in the field of clinical practice and cosmetology. In view of the trauma of surgical treatment, a variety of non-surgical treatment methods have received extensive attention. Among them, fractional laser is a kind of laser therapy, which can be divided into ablative fractional laser and nonablative fractional laser. The application of fractional laser alone or in combination with other treatment methods is effective and has a good application prospect. This article reviews the research progress of different types of fractional laser therapy in facial skin rejuvenation, in order to provide more comprehensive and effective medical cosmetic services for patients with the demand of facial skin rejuvenation.

[Key words] Facial skin rejuvenation; Fractional laser; Ablative fractional laser; Nonablative fractional laser

随着社会的发展,人们审美水平逐渐提高,对面部年轻化的追求也越来普遍。鉴于手术治疗存在创伤大、恢复周期长、副作用多等弊端,非手术治疗方法如:外用维甲酸类药物、局部注射肉毒杆菌毒素、射频、超声、微针、激光疗法等应用更加广泛[1]。其中点阵激光单独或联合其他光电或药物治疗,可有效改善皮肤老化,成为临床治疗面部年轻化的主要方式。近年来,众多学者验证了点阵激光技术治疗面部年轻化的有效性、安全性,并探索其作用机制及与其他疗法联合应用效果。本文主要回顾近年来的相关研究,分析点阵激光技术在面部年轻化中的研究进展,以期为临床应用提供一定参考。

1 面部皮肤老化的发生机制

面部皮肤老化主要表现为皮肤松弛粗糙、皱纹、毛孔粗大、色素斑形成等,依据影响因素不同分为外源性老化和内源性老化。外源性老化以光老化最常见,会出现皮肤色沉、深大皱纹;内源性老化是随年龄增长而发生的皮肤生理性衰老,受内分泌因素和遗传因素双重影响,表现为皮肤萎缩、干燥、细小皱纹[2]。面部皮肤老化给爱美人士带来了严重的心理压力,而手术治疗具有创伤大、恢复周期长等局限性。近年来,光电治疗因其微创、安全性高、停工期短等优势逐渐广泛应用于面部年轻化治疗中。

2 点阵激光概述

点阵激光技术是激光疗法在医学领域新的巨大突破,其作用原理是局灶光热理论,由Anderson RR等[3]学者提出,该技术通过将精确的激光微束传递到皮肤下层,在治疗区域产生热效应改变部分皮肤组织,即形成微热损伤区(microthermal zone,MTZ),由于被周围健康组织包围,促进了组织快速新生,减少停工期。根据热损伤强度不同,点阵激光又分为剥脱性点阵激光(ablative fractional laser,AFL)和非剥脱性点阵激光(nonablative fractional laser,NAFL)。

2.1 剥脱性点阵激光

2.1.1概述及作用机制 剥脱性点阵激光是一种有创性激光,通过对表皮和真皮乳头层的汽化及热消融,形成点阵状不完全剥脱创面,在愈合阶段,由轻微创伤刺激胶原蛋白再生与重塑,从而达到除皱、紧致皮肤的显著疗效。临床常用的主要有CO2点阵激光(波长10 600 nm)和Er:YAG激光(波长2940 nm)[4]。

2.1.2临床应用 剥脱性点阵激光形成微热损伤区,促进皮肤Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白新生和重塑。治疗参数方面,有研究提出[5],低能量低密度CO2点阵激光是一种安全有效的面部年轻化选择,点阵激光往往会增加了深肤色患者出现炎症后色素沉着并发症的可能。Andrade GB等[6]给予705例拉丁美洲患者CO2点阵激光治疗,证实了CO2点阵激光在各肤色人群中的广泛适用性。剥脱性点阵激光术后常见并发症有皮肤红斑、肿痛、瘙痒等,皮肤剥脱后疱疹病毒的爆发是最常见的感染方式。

2.2 非剥脱性点阵激光

2.2.1概述及作用机制 非剥脱性点阵激光的工作原理是加热皮肤而不产生皮肤剥脱。通过热量刺激胶原蛋白损伤后再生,新生的胶原蛋白填补了皱纹和局部皮肤凹陷,同时也增强了皮肤结构并减轻色素沉着等皮肤老化问题[7]。非剥脱性点阵激光治疗比剥脱性点阵激光侵入性更小,恢复时间也更少。

2.2.2临床应用 剥脱性点阵激光在面部皮肤年轻化治疗中的应用效果在临床实践中已得到肯定,但其有创性降低了患者耐受性,因此非剥脱性点阵激光的应用随之增加。有研究表明[8],1540 nm点阵铒玻璃激光治疗后面部皱纹外观有显著改善。治疗参数方面,Kirsanova L等[9]分别使用1064 nm激光的低能量模式(1.1 J/cm2)和高能量模式(2.1 J/cm2),结果显示高能量模式下作用效果显著优于低能量模式,Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达量也高于低能量组。黄褐斑是一种严重影响外观的色素沉着病变,有研究发现[10],对黄褐斑患者进行多达9次的非剥脱性1064 nm点阵激光治疗,疗效显著,皮损改善效果良好。此外,非剥脱性点阵激光治疗后并发症低于剥脱性点阵激光,但仍不可忽视,其中色素沉着是非剥脱性点阵激光治疗后最常见并发症[11]。

3 点阵激光联合其他疗法在面部皮肤年轻化中的应用

3.1 点阵激光联合其他光电疗法 随着各类新型光电器械问世,临床工作者倾向于采用多种光电疗法联合治疗以提升疗效。高强度聚焦超声在真皮网状层至SMAS层产生小的微热病变,而CO2点阵激光则主要针对表皮及真皮乳头层,Kang HY等[12]联合使用CO2点阵激光及高强度聚焦超声实现多层次治疗面部皮肤老化。此外,有研究表明[13],CO2点阵激光联合强脉冲光改善面部老化的效果良好。也有研究发现[14],点阵微针射频联合非剥脱性1927 nm点阵激光治疗后面部皮肤更加紧致年轻。由此可见,点阵激光与多种光电疗法联合应用起到了协同作用,在提高疗效及减少并发症方面均优于单一疗法。

3.2 点阵激光联合外用药物 激光辅助皮肤药物递送技术(laser-assisted drug delivery,LADD)是联合应用激光与外用药物,皮肤屏障限制了经皮药物的生物利用率,而点阵激光的光热解作用可以提高药物疗效,外用药物也能促进激光术后恢复,起到相辅相成的效果[15,16]。富血小板血浆含有丰富的生长因子[17],联合点阵激光治疗后,对皮肤色泽、毛孔扩张程度等有明显改善[18,19]。由于眶周解剖位置特殊,眶周年轻化治疗往往难度较大。有研究显示[20],剥脱性CO2点阵激光联合重组人胶原蛋白治疗眼周老化可显著改善眼周皱纹及皮肤松弛,还能增加眼睑皮肤厚度。激光治疗不仅能提高药物的渗透性,抗衰药物也能促进激光后损伤修复,减少不良反应,实现疗效最大化。

4 总结

近年来,点阵激光在内的光电声技术发展尤为迅速,且经临床试验证实,点阵激光可以单独或与其他光电技术、外用药物等联合用于改善面部皮肤老化。随着社会生活水平的提高和人们的抗衰意识增强,对于早期抗衰治疗的需求日益增加,需要针对不同年龄段人群的皮肤衰老状况提供更加个体化的诊疗方案,使点阵激光治疗面部皮肤老化方面发挥出更优效果。

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收稿日期:2024-3-22 编辑:扶田