郭恩玉 房艳岭 耿化晓 王文杰 李姗姗 孟祥兰 张海防
【摘要】目的 探討脓毒症儿童合并脓毒性心肌病(SICM)的临床特征及发病危险因素,为提高临床医师的诊治水平提供参考。方法 回顾性分析脓毒症患儿的临床资料。按照是否发生SICM,将其分为SICM组和非SICM组,比较2组患儿的临床特点及转归,分析SICM发生的危险因素。结果 ①398例脓毒症患儿被纳入研究,其SICM发病率为15.58%(62/398)。SICM组年龄[49(18,108)个月]大于非SICM组[19(6,52)个月],SICM组合并脓毒性休克比例[83.87%(52/62)]高于非SICM组[42.56%(143/336)];SICM组病死率[29.03%(18/62)]高于非SICM组[14.58%(49/336)],比较差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。②多因素Logistic回归分析显示:年长儿发生SICM的风险更高(OR=1.010,95%CI 1.003~1.017,P = 0.006);血乳酸水平越高,发生SICM的风险越高(OR=1.163,95%CI 1.034~1.308,P = 0.012);肌钙蛋白水平越高,发生SICM风险越高(OR=9.929,95%CI 4.651~21.197,P < 0.001)。结论 与非SICM患儿相比,SICM患儿更易发生脓毒性休克,病死率更高。年龄、乳酸及cTnI为儿童SICM独立的影响因素。
【关键词】儿童;脓毒症;脓毒性心肌病;危险因素;临床特征;脓毒性休克
Clinical features and risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in children with sepsis
GUO Enyu1, FANG Yanling1, GENG Huaxiao1, 2, WANG Wenjie1, LI Shanshan1,MENG Xianglan1,ZHANG Haifang1
(1.Department of Pediatrics, Jining No.1 Peoples Hospital, Jining 272000, China; 2.Department of Pediatrics,
Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining 272000, China)
Corresponding author: ZHANG Haifang, E-mail: zhf971124@sina.com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the clinical features and risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in children with sepsis, aiming to provide reference for enhancing the diagnosis and treatment levels of clinicians. Methods Clinical data of children with sepsis were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group and non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group according to whether sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy occurred.Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between two groups. The risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy were analyzed. Results Three hundred and ninty-eight children with sepsis were included in this study, and the incidence of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy was 15.58%(62/398). The age of children in the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group was 49 (18, 108) months, older than 19 (6, 52) months in the non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group. The incidence of septic shock in the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group was 83.87%(52/62), which was higher than 42.56% (143/336) in the non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group. The mortality rate in the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group was 29.03% (18/62), significantly higher than 14.58% (49/336) in the non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group. All differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the influence of age on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy was statistically significant (OR=1.010, 95%CI 1.003-1.017, P = 0.006). The higher the lactic acid level, the higher the risk of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, with statistical significance (OR=1.163, 95%CI 1.034-1.308, P = 0.012). The higher the cTnI level, the higher the risk of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, with statistical significance (OR=9.929, 95%CI 4.651-21.197, P < 0.001). Conclusions Compared with children with non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, children with sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy are more prone to septic shock and have higher mortality. Age, lactic acid and cTnI levels are the independent influencing factors for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in children.
【Key words】 Children; Sepsis; Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy; Risk factors; Clinical characteristics; Septic shock
脓毒症是由感染引起宿主炎症反应失调,进而发生危及生命MODS的危重症[1]。脓毒症引起的心功能障碍被称为脓毒性心肌病(SICM),发生SICM时机体的血液循环量明显減少,组织缺氧加剧,进而出现线粒体功能障碍,显著增加其他脏器功能障碍或衰竭的发生风险[2]。近年来,随着床旁即时超声检查在重症医学领域的广泛应用,SICM的特征也逐渐被认识,但其发病危险因素仍未明确。国内外关于成人SICM的研究显示,SICM与脓毒症病死率的增加密切相关[3-5]。关于儿童,Lautz等[6]报道,SICM是儿童脓毒症死亡的独立危险因素,但相关研究仍较少。为此,本研究回顾性分析了脓毒症患儿的临床资料,旨在探讨儿童SICM的临床特征及发病危险因素,为提高临床医师诊治儿童SICM的水平以及该病的管理提供参考。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
收集2015年1月1日至2022年12月31日在济宁市第一人民医院及济宁医学院附属医院儿童重症医学科(PICU)接受治疗的脓毒症患儿的临床资料。脓毒症依据儿童脓毒性休克(感染性休克)诊治专家共识(2015版)进行诊断[5]。SICM的诊断参考文献[8-9]的方法,包括LVEF≤50%,以及依据血流动力学监测、生物学标志物及临床评估进行综合判断。纳入标准:①28 d<年龄<14岁;②符合脓毒症诊断标准;③诊断脓毒症24 h内完善超声心动图检查。排除标准:原发性心肌病、器质性心脏病、心脏手术后。本研究经济宁市第一人民医院(批件号:2021伦审研第075号)及济宁医学院附属医院伦理委员会批准。
1.2 观察指标
收集脓毒症患儿入住PICU 24 h内的临床资料,按照是否发生SICM将其分为SICM组与非SICM组,比较2组患儿的临床资料。包括:①性别、年龄、基础疾病史、出生史、原发感染部位;②入住PICU的液体出入量;③检测乳酸、氢离子浓度指数(pH)、氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)获得的最差结果;④外周血白细胞(WBC)、中性粒细胞(N)、CRP、ESR、降钙素原(PCT)等炎症指标;⑤血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原、ALT、AST、总胆红素、直接胆红素、尿素氮、肌酐、血糖、序贯器官衰竭估计评分(SOFA)等脏器功能指标;⑥肌酸激酶(CK)、CK-MB、氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)等心肌损伤指标。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS 25.0处理数据。定性资料用n(%)表示,组间比较采用χ 2检验。正态分布计量资料以表示,组间比较采用t检验。非正态分布计量资料以M (P25,P75)表示,组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。发病危险因素的分析先进行单因素Logistic回归分析,再将有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素二元Logistic回归分析中(进入法)。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 SICM组与非SICM组患儿的一般资料比较
共收集到432例脓毒症患儿的资料,其中伴有先天性心脏病26例、心肌病8例,最终398例患儿被纳入本研究,其中SICM组62例(15.58%)、非SICM组336例。2组患儿的性别、基础疾病、出生史及原发感染部位比较差异无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。SICM组年龄大于非SICM组(P < 0.001)。SICM组合并脓毒性休克的患儿比例高于非SICM组(P < 0.001)。SICM组病死率高于非SICM组(P = 0.007)。见表1。
2.2 SICM组与非SICM组患儿的临床特征比较
SICM组与非SICM组第1日液体出入量比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。SICM组的乳酸、PT、INR、D-D、ALT、AST、血尿素氮、肌酐、CK、CK-MB、NT-proBNP、cTnI及SOFA均高于非SICM组,pH及纤维蛋白原均低于非SICM组(P均< 0.001)。2组的PaO2、PaCO2、WBC、N%、Hb、PLT、CRP、ESR、PCT、APTT、总胆红素、直接胆红素及血糖比较差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。见表2。
2.3 SICM发病危险因素分析
单因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、乳酸、pH、PLT、PT、纤维蛋白原、SOFA、CK-MB及cTnI为SICM的相关因素(P均< 0.05)。多因素二元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄越大、乳酸水平越高、cTnI水平越高,发生SICM的风险越高(P均< 0.05)。见表3。
3 讨 论
脓毒症是目前全球重要的公共卫生问题之一,亦是重症儿童患者死亡的主要原因之一。脓毒症可引起MODS,患者心功能是否受到抑制,对脓毒症的病情进展起着至关重要的作用[8]。Parker等[9]于1984年首次报道了脓毒症并发心功能障碍的病例,并提出SICM的概念。目前国内外对成人SICM的相关研究较多,而儿童的相关研究则较少。
Vieillard-Baron等[10]报道成人脓毒症合并心功能障碍的病死率高达70%~90%,而心功能未受累的患者病死率为20%。Sato等[11]的研究显示,脓毒症患者SICM的发病率为13.8%。国内报道成人脓毒症患者SICM 的发病率15.72%~25.38%,病死率为18.9%~30.3%[12-13]。朱莉娟等[14]的一项对照研究显示,脓毒性休克患儿SICM的发病率为11.5%,病死率高达39.1%。戈海延等[15]的研究显示,脓毒性休克患儿SICM的发病率为30%,其中SICM组病死率为38.9%,高于非SICM组的12.8%。本研究显示脓毒症患儿SICM的发病率为15.58%,病死率为29.03%,与国内外成人的报道类似。
国内外研究显示,SICM的发病危险因素包括年龄、乳酸、心脏病史、血管活性药物、血源性感染、左心室短轴缩短指数等[12-16]。朱莉娟等[14]报道脓毒性休克患儿并发SICM的危险因素包括乳酸、左心室短轴缩短指数、心电图ST改变、氧合指数,其中左心室短轴缩短指数为独立危险因素。本研究显示,年龄、乳酸及cTnI为儿童SICM的相关因素。戈海延等[15]的研究显示,血源性感染是脓毒性休克患儿并发SICM的独立危险因素,但本研究显示原发感染部位与SICM的发生不存在相关性。既往国内外关于儿童SICM的研究均未报道儿童的年龄因素[14-16],Jeong等[16]的研究显示成人年龄较小是SICM的发病危险因素,而本研究显示儿童年龄与SICM的发生率呈正相关,这提示,年龄作为SICM的危险因素,在儿童中的作用或与成人相反。
近几年,研究者们对于SICM的发病机制已有了更深入的认识,包括脓毒症促使对心脏具有抑制作用的活性物质的产生,如TNF、IL-1和IL-6等;线粒体代谢功能障碍;钙离子稳态失衡;自主神经功能调节障碍等[8, 17]。SICM的本质为心肌细胞自身功能下降,左右心室的舒张及收缩功能障碍[2, 11-14]。
关于脓毒症并发心肌损伤的研究显示,cTnI和NT-proBNP水平与SICM的发生呈正相关[18-21]。还有研究显示,NT-proBNP、cTnI可作为成人SICM的预测因子,多指标联合的预测价值更高[19-22]。在本研究中,cTnI水平与脓毒症患儿发生SICM的风险呈正相关,这与前述的成人的研究结果一致。近期关于SICM的研究显示,脓毒症患者的MRI存在心肌水肿的表现,这可以解释SICM患者cTnI水平增高的原因[23-28]。本研究中NT-proBNP与SICM的发病没有相关性,与前述成人的研究结果不同。
本研究存在一定的局限性:仅纳入了入住PICU 24 h内接受超声心动图检查的脓毒症患儿;没有动态指标对比;没有分析长期随访结果。在未来的研究中,应进一步对脓毒症患儿开展连续性床旁心脏超声检查,建立儿童脓毒症数据库,动态监测炎症及心脏损伤指标。准确评估脓毒症患儿的心功能状态,有效预测发生SICM的风险,指导血管活性药物、正性肌力药物的使用,从而改善脓毒症患儿的预后。
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