艺术史中潜藏的关于女性脱发的解读

At least 40 percent of women experience hair loss or alopecia over their lifetime. This could be alopecia areata （patchy hair loss）， traction alopecia （strained hair loss） or another form.

The different ways that women’s hair loss has been depicted across art history demonstrates the many different ways it has been interpreted over the years. In 16th and 17th century Britain， for example， women’s alopecia was sometimes interpreted as punishment for sins， including love affairs.

Some historical art， however， depicts a more neutral， or even positive， attitude towards women’s alopecia. In religious or mythical art， it was sometimes idealised as divine（天意）. Madonna and Child， painted in the 15th century by Italian Rennaisance artist Carlo Crivelli， shows Jesus and Mary embracing in a gold， stylized setting. The pair sit behind a religious altar surrounded by ripe fruit and adorned with halos（光晕）. Madonna has a high forehead and her blonde hair disappears， particularly on her right temple.

Baldness in women has been connected to the divine for various reasons. It took the emphasis off of personal appearance in favour of deeper， more spiritual， priorities.

But intentional hair removal played a role too. For some religious people， such as Buddhist nuns and Haredi Jewish wives， a bald head is thought to be purer and shaving can represent a regular， sacrificial ritual.

Artwork on the walls of the tomb of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh， Akhenaten who ruled from 1351 to 1334BC， depicts two of his daughters， naked， with bald heads. Head shaving as well as natural baldness was common among the ancient Egyptians， including women.

And it isn’t just Egypt. Partial and full head shaving has historically been common among women across sub-Saharan Africa. As one traveller observed among the inhabitants of the 18th century Kingdom of Issini （modern-day Ghana）： “Some only shave one half of the head…Others leave broad patches here and there unshaved.”

（材料来自Readers’ Digest网站，有删改）

1. How does the author develop the text？

A. By listing figures. B. By giving examples.

C. By making remarks. D. By presenting findings.

2. When was women’s hair loss regarded as punishment for sins？

A. In the 15th century. B. In 1334BC.

C. In the 16th and 17th century. D. In the 18th century.

3. In what religion may hair loss be an intentional behavior？

A. Buddhism. B. Catholicism.

C. Christianity. D. Islam.

4. What can be inferred from the passage？

A. In ancient Egypt， the less hair women had， the more stylish they were.

B. In ancient Ghana， full-headed hair must be a sign of betrayal.

C. In Italy of the 15th century， baldness was popular with women.

D. In ancient China， no hair was kept on the head of nuns.

1. B。解析：文章结构题。综合材料中多个段落的举例说明，如第二段的第二句提到“例如，在16世纪和17世纪的英国，女性脱发有时被解释为对包括外遇在内的罪恶的惩罚”；第三段的第三句提到“意大利文艺复兴艺术家Carlo Crivelli于15世纪绘制的Madonna and Child”；第五段的第二句提到“对于一些宗教人士来说，比如佛教尼姑和正统派犹太教妇女”，可见B选项“通过举例”与材料内容相符，故选B。

2. C。解析：细节理解题。材料第二段的第二句提到“例如，在16世纪和17世纪的英国，女性脱发有时被解释为对包括外遇在内的罪恶的惩罚”，故选C。

3. A。解析：细节理解题。材料第五段提到“但有意脱发也与此有关。对于一些宗教人士来说，比如佛教尼姑和正统派犹太教妇女，光头的人被认为是更纯洁的人，剃头可以代表一种常规的祭祀仪式”，故选A。

4. A。解析：推理判断题。材料第六段提到“古埃及法老Akhenaten于公元前1351年至1334年统治埃及，他的陵墓墙壁上的艺术品描绘了他的两个女儿，她们的头光秃秃的”“剃头和自然秃顶在古埃及人中很常见，包括女性”。A选项“在古埃及，女性头发越少，越时尚”与材料内容相符，故选A。