文/封开县江口中学 陈锦霞
高考说明文以科普类文章或社科类文章为主,运用语篇分析作者的观点态度等,可以提高学生理解文章的准确度和速度,同时培养学生对语篇内容进行逻辑推理和主动思考的能力。
现以2023 年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语D 篇阅读教学实践为例,阐述基于语篇分析的说明文教学实践。
略读全文可确定该文章的主题语境和篇章类型为:人与社会,科学调查研究类说明文。科研类文章一般在第一段或第二段呈研究结果,常用句型:“A new/recent study/research/experiment conducted/led by… shows/ finds/discovers/suggests/reveals/illustrates that...”。第一段陈述了“群体智慧”效应,该实验表明在某些情况下,大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
科学调查研究类的说明文,一般开头提出观点或研究成果,中间阐述观点的原因或实验的过程,最后是该领域的专家学者或作者对该观点或研究成果的评价。每段话的段落大意,如果无转折词出现,一般段首的句子是主题句;如有“but,however”等转折词出现,转折词后是主题句;段尾如有“all in all,in a word,to sum up”等表示总结的词出现,则总结词后面是主题句。
略读第一段两句话,可直接提炼第一段的大意:提出“群体智慧”效应概念,即在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。第二段阐述“群体智慧”效应的内在逻辑:“群体智慧”建立在个体的独立估算之上。第三段,出现了转折词“But”,大意为:新研究出现了有趣的转折,小组讨论的平均值比同等数量的个体估算更准确。最后一段大意是后续对小组讨论的研究和作者认为该研究有局限性,但是影响巨大。
根据最后一段最后一句“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知,作者认为虽然Navajas 主持的研究有局限性,也存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas 的研究表示肯定。
文章的四个设问按照科学调查研究类语篇的结构设计。12 题设问“What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?”属于段落大意题,从思维导图Para.2 可看出,该段阐述“群体智慧”效应的内在逻辑,故选“B.The underlying logic of the effect.”。13 题设问“Navajas’study found that the average accuracy could increase even if_____.”属于细节理解题。根据第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”,答案应该在“A.the crowds were relatively small.”和“D.estimates were not fully independent”之间。仔细分析题目中“even if(即使)”一词,表明该条件与前面结论是转折关系。只关注第三段“The key founding...individuals”的话,很难十分有把握地做出选择。结合语篇,综合分析上文第二段和第三段,因为第三段开头“But”表明该段观点与第二段观点(“群体智慧”效应的内在逻辑:“群体智慧”建立在个体的独立估算之上)是转折关系,所以正确答案为“D.estimates were not fully independent(估算并不是完全独立的)”。
14 题设问“What did the followup study focus on?”,属于推理判断题。根据关键词“follow-up study”定位到第四段,“In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”结合思维导图,确定C 是正确答案。15 题设问“What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’studies?”,考察作者的观点态度。通过最后一段最后一句“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知,作者认为虽然Navajas 主持的研究有局限性也存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大,故选“D.Approving(赞成的).”。