挖掘主题意义，促进续写协同

广东 邵晨

【问题导读】

读后续写作为高考写作新题型，要求考生在正确理解和把握原文及所给段首句的基础上，续写两个与原文的主题、情节、语言及逻辑相融合的段落。依据读后续写的评分标准，考生对文章的主题思想的把握，是得分高低的决定性因素。也就是说，若续写的段落偏离了文章的主题，不管续作的情节有多巧妙，语言运用有多高级，逻辑衔接有多紧密，考生得到的分数都不会很高，甚至可能会在及格线以下。那么，什么是文章的主题？考生又要如何把握文章的主题呢？本文将介绍几种方法，助力考生进行主题意义的探究，进而促进续写协同。

【名师导学】

文章主题指的是贯穿文章始终的作者的整体写作意图，也是作者所要表达的价值取向和道德立场。在读后续写中，考生只有正确理解阅读材料的主旨，才能确保续写的内容和情节与原文衔接紧密，提升续写的协同性。表1 归纳了近几年高考中读后续写题的主题语境和具体的主题意义，旨在帮助考生在大脑中构建主题图式，备战高考。

表1 近几年读后续写题主题归纳

由上表可知，读后续写的主题语境通常涵盖人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大类别，内容均来自实际生活，如家庭生活中或温情或有趣的故事，外出旅行时或有趣或惊险的经历，学校或家中发生的成长故事，学校或社会上发生的温情故事，等等。可以预见，今后读后续写的主题将会继续依据正能量原则，围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境，依托语篇考查考生的逻辑思维、批判思维和创新思维能力。

除了了解常见的语篇主题，构建主题图式，考生还需具备分析语篇主题意义的能力。具体而言，考生可以从以下五个角度切入，挖掘文本的主题意义。

1.读标题，猜测文本主题。标题是文章主题意义或主旨思想的核心凝练，起到提纲挈领的作用。基于标题，考生可以初步感知并预测文章的故事背景和主旨大意，为后面细读文章、梳理故事情节奠定基础。

2.读情节，分析文本主题。情节是叙事类语篇中连贯故事的必备要素，是按照因果逻辑组织起来的一系列展示人物性格、推进主题意义的具体事件。情节发展就是从上一个平衡被打破到下一个平衡被建立的动态过程，语篇主题意义的构建就是在这种动态过程中得以实现的。因此，通读文本并梳理故事情节，解读逻辑线索，对分析文本主题十分重要。

3.读人物，感悟文本主题。人物、主题、情节是叙事类语篇的三要素，是高度融合的统一体。人物塑造服务于情节推进，情节推进更离不开人物刻画。最终，人物塑造和情节构建交织在一起，共同服务于主题构建。因此，细读人物刻画，感悟人物性格与情感变化，是探究文章主题意义必不可少的一个环节。

4.读伏笔，推断文本主题。伏笔是文学作品中常用的一种表现手法。它可以理解为前段文章为后段文章留下的线索，也可以理解为上文对下文的暗示。好的伏笔能够使文章结构紧凑、逻辑融洽。伏笔对情节的推进和主题意义的构建有着不可小觑的作用，因此，重视对伏笔的阅读和把握，对主题意义探究至关重要。

5.读主题句，验证文本主题。主题句是对全文中心思想、核心内容及写作意图的核心凝练。主题句经常出现在文章的首段和尾段。结合前面的四种方法，即对标题的猜测、对情节的分析、对人物的感悟及对伏笔的推断，考生可以再次扫读文章，尝试寻找文章的主题句，以验证文章主题。需要注意的是，有时候文章不会直接给出主题句，考生可以在续写的第二段添加主题句，以起到画龙点睛的作用。

【案例导引】

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

A selfless saver

Robbie loved swimming in the sea.When he was a little boy,he had always dreamed of becoming a professional swimmer.And he moved well on his career journey when he grew up.But one day,unfortunately,he got badly injured while he trained for a swimming competition.After months of treatment,his condition got better.But for the sake of (为了……着想) his health,the doctor strongly advised him never to go swimming again.The news broke his heart.

Despite the fact that he had to give up swimming,his love for swimming never died.So he rented a beach house,which would allow him the comfort of being close to seawater.And to make ends meet,he tried to sell souvenirs to tourists who visited the beach.

One early summer evening,Robbie was making his way home from the beach when he heard a cry.It was reported that it might rain that day,so most people had left the beach early.But Robbie believed he had heard something.The cry came again,and he had a quick look around.He found the beach was empty.Suddenly,he heard a shout from the sea.

“Help!” a frightened and tired kid shouted.The kid was 12 years old,called Nicole,and lived in an orphanage (孤儿院).She lost her parents when she was a baby.Her parents were professional swimmers and she dreamed about becoming a good swimmer like them.That early summer evening,after dinner,she left the orphanage alone and went to the beach,hoping to learn to swim on her own.The girl almost drowned.When she was calling for help that evening,Robbie happened to hear it.

He immediately called the police.“But waiting for help might be too late,” Robbie thought.He thought of how life-threatening it was for him to swim.“The kid is drowning!” but he thought as he fought his fear.“I must help.”

注意：续写词数应为150左右。

Paragraph 1:

Then,he dived in._______________________________________________________

Paragraph 2:

Feeling pity for Nicole,Robbie decided to teach her how to swim.__________________

文本解读

一、读标题，猜测文本主题

本篇文章的标题是“A selfless saver”，通过此标题，我们可以猜测出本文叙述的是一个见义勇为的救人故事，其主题语境属于人与社会。文章通过讲述救助者不顾自己的安危，救助困难群体的故事，传递了社会生活中人与人之间的温情与爱心，弘扬了中华民族的传统美德，传递了“赠人玫瑰，手有余香”的社会正能量。

二、读情节，分析文本主题

故事情节可以通过“故事山”的形式进行梳理。“故事山”是英美国家中小学阶段广泛应用的视觉阅读辅助工具，它可以帮助学生快速厘清故事发展脉络，为探究主题意义提供支撑。“故事山”主要分为五大部分（如图1）：开头（opening）、发展（build-up）、困境（dilemma）、解决（resolution）、结尾（ending）。开头部分需要交代故事发生的背景，即时间、人物、地点等情境信息；发展部分需要交代推动情节发展的关键事件；困境部分需要交代故事的主要矛盾和急需解决的问题；解决部分需要交代主要矛盾的解决办法；结尾部分需要呈现人物的相关结局和主要矛盾的解决结果。

图1 用“故事山”梳理故事情节，探究主题意义

通过图1的“故事山”，我们可以清晰地看到该故事的情节发展，即一个梦想成为专业游泳运动员的游泳爱好者，因为训练受伤，而不得不放弃自己的梦想，更令他心碎的是，医生建议他此生不再游泳，以保证身体健康。有一天，他在海边听到了一个溺水女孩的呼救声，此时，故事迎来了它的高潮部分，主人公陷入一个两难的境地：一方面，医生建议他此生不再游泳，否则会威胁身体健康；另一方面，女孩正在大海中挣扎，随时都有溺亡的危险，若等警察到场救援，恐怕为时已晚。我们可以结合标题“A selfless saver”以及续写第一段的段首句“Then,he dived in.”，分析出文本的主题为人间大爱与社会温情，即奋不顾身救助弱小的无私奉献精神，以此弘扬中华民族的传统美德。

三、读人物，感悟文本主题

本故事中一共出现了三个人物，即主人公（救助者）罗比、溺水女孩妮科尔以及警察，其中对主人公的刻画笔墨最多，溺水女孩次之，警察在原文中的描述被一笔带过。人物解读一般主要从性格和情感变化两个角度进行。想要读懂人物的性格，需要仔细品读原文对人物的语言、行为、神态和心理的刻画。至于情感变化，可以从描述类的形容词直接获取，也可以从人物的语言、行为、神态等间接推测。本文主要人物性格分析见表1，主要人物情感变化见表2。

表1 本文主要人物性格分析

表2 本文主要人物情感变化

（续表）

通过表1的人物性格分析，我们可以看出主人公罗比积极向上、正能量的性格和无私奉献的精神。通过表2 的人物情感变化分析，尤其是在小女孩溺水的紧急状况下，在顾全自己的身体健康和救助小女孩的两难境地下，罗比毫不犹豫地选择跳水救人，这种坚定与果敢使得主人公关爱弱小、无私奉献的精神跃然纸上，本文的主题意义也呼之欲出，即弘扬关爱弱小、牺牲奉献的人间大爱与社会温情。

四、读伏笔，推断文本主题

伏笔对于推动情节发展和主题意义构建十分重要。例如，文章第一段的第六句话“But for the sake of his health,the doctor strongly advised him never to go swimming again.”就是最大的伏笔，这句话与最后一段的“I must help.”形成鲜明的对比，更加凸显出主人公伟大的奉献精神，本文的主题意义也因此更加清晰。

参考范文

Paragraph 1:

Then,he dived in.With a strong will,Robbie reached the girl struggling in the sea and managed to pull her up to the beach.Unfortunately,he was very tired,and immediately fainted.When he woke up,he was in hospital.A policeman visited him to get the details of the incident and to let him know the girl was alive and well.

Paragraph 2:

Feeling pity for Nicole,Robbie decided to teach her how to swim.He found the girl and asked,“Do you want me to teach you to swim?” Nicole nodded happily.Under his years of patient guidance,Nicole eventually grew up to be a professional swimmer and won many medals.Robbie was glad and proud that he helped Nicole realize her dream.He was also content with his life.

【模拟导练】

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Our car ran over the sand and rocks,leaving a cloud of dust.It was a beautiful spring day.The sun was bright and the sky was clear—perfect conditions for off-roading（越 野驾驶）.Back then,in 1984,my wife Sue and I were living in southeastern California.The views were wonderful,but with dangers.The temperatures could rise above 50 ℃,and there was no place for tourists to go off-roading without enough preparation.

Sue and I always took a bag with us,packed with snacks,water,and a first-aid kit.We also had a car specially changed for driving in the desert.With it,we could go anywhere a jeep could go.

That day,we drove about 20 miles into the park.Around midday,we stopped to have a rest.As usual,we could see the desert before us.When the spirit of adventure moved us,we went back into the car.But when I turned the key nothing happened.I tried again and again.Nothing happened.I could see Sue was thinking the same thing—the engine wouldn't start.

Our car had one strange problem.About once a year,it would refuse to start.If left overnight,the engine would run just fine the next morning.But no one could find anything wrong with our car.Because it happened so rarely,we'd just learned to live with it.But it had never happened suddenly.

“What should we do?” I felt a little anxious.I hadn't seen a person on our drive out here,and we had no way to call for help.“We could walk back to town,” Sue said.Eager not to waste any more daylight,we quickly packed our things.We were about to set off when Sue called my name.“Look!” she cried.Sure enough,there was something,getting closer.

注意：续写词数应为150左右。

Paragraph 1:

It wasn't long before I could make out what it was—a jeep! _______________________

Paragraph 2:

He checked the engine and said,“I know what's wrong.” _________________________

【评价导思】

1.本文的主题是什么？我是如何发现并确定本文的主题的？

2.续写这篇文章的时候，我是如何照应文章的主题的？

3.除了本文的主题，高考读后续写还有哪些常见的主题？