武彤
词汇知识是语言运用的基石。但想要在具体语境中理解词汇、用好词汇,需要广泛、深入地掌握词汇知识。单词听写、中英互译等浅层的词语操练,难以帮助学生达成词汇的有效积累,因此出现了阅读时文本信息理解不当、作文中词不达意和中式英文等现象。
纵观近五年的高考真题,可以发现以下两点:第一,高考英语阅读文章题材越来越丰富多样,涉及的话题涵盖生活、学习、社会、文学、艺术、体育、历史、文化、科技、自然等各个领域。想要读懂文章,正确获取文章关键信息,首先需要熟悉各种话题的相关词汇。第二,在书面表达考查中,应用文写作和读后续写的设题越来越灵活,越来越重视在具体情境中对语言能力的考查。要写好应用文,仅仅知道体裁要求的格式规范是不够的,还需要在文章具体内容的表述中运用与应用文交际主题相关的词汇;要写好读后续写,仅仅靠背记一些人物动作描写、心理描写的模板例句也是远远不够的,需要针对不同故事的主题,加入与主题相关的有效描写,通过语言体现对主题内涵的理解和探究。
综上,高考考查方式,注重情境设置,需要学生感知语篇主题。鉴于此,在高三阶段的复习备考中加入主题线索,可以帮助学生更好地应对情境越来越灵活的高考。其中,复习备考中的关键内容——词汇的复习,可以在呈现、理解、背记和运用等各个环节,借助语篇,按主题意义和文本情境,进行梳理和整合,以达成词汇复习与阅读、写作的良好衔接,避免孤立、机械、低效的死记硬背。以“主题”为纲设计词汇复习环节,能够逐步扩展词汇复习的覆盖面,深度挖掘词汇的表意功能。学生不仅可以记住词汇的音、形、义,还能有效迁移,较灵活、较准确、较适当地将词汇知识用于阅读理解和书面表达中。
笔者提出分级、分类、复现、产出,逐步进阶的词汇复习策略。无论是在以课本回顾为主的一轮复习中,还是在二轮专题复习和考前冲刺阶段,以上四个步骤都可以灵活安排于复习环节中,以语篇主题带动词汇的再现、整合、归纳,不断夯实词汇基础知识和运用能力。
一、分级
根据《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)》附录2(词汇表)和最新《高考英语考试说明》对词汇学习的要求,将词汇复习的重心放在义务教育阶段需要掌握的1500-1600个词汇、高中英语必修课程应学习和掌握的约500个词汇和选择性必修课程应学习和掌握的1000-1100个词汇。以课本、真题和模拟题语篇中出现的高频词为主要复习内容。
二、分类
在难度适中的语篇中,接触、收集、整理与某一主题相关的词汇,达成深度学习。按照语篇涉及的主题框架下的子话题,分类梳理词汇,聚焦词的语用功能,特別关注词在主题意义表达方面的用法归类,做尽可能细致的整理。整理结果以可视化图形呈现,如:话题词汇表,word bank,语义图,思维导图等。
本文以外研社《英语》(新标准)教材必修第二册Unit 6 Earth first中的语篇为例,展示语义图制作过程。
本单元的主题语境是“人与自然”,涉及的主题语境内容是关爱地球,保护环境,突显人与自然和谐共处的情感、态度和价值观。由此得到语义图中的一级上位词environmental protection。
随后,进一步处理文本信息,依据文章话题、文章主题思想、作者观点和写作意图,确定语义图词汇收集的具体方向。本单元关注人类面临的诸多环境问题,在主要语篇中深入讨论了动物保护和生活中的环保误区这两个子话题。
第一篇文章Sharks:Dangerous or endangered?围绕“鲨鱼是危险动物还是濒危动物”这一问题展开讨论,引发人们对保护海洋动物的关注。由此确定,语义图的一个模块为动物保护的词汇和表达,得到语义图中的第一个二级上位词animal protection。文章内容具体包括人类活动给动物带来的灾难,人类对保护动物的态度变化,人类与野生动物的关系,保护动物的意识,由此得到图中的分支一human activity和分支二actions。
第二篇文章Whats really green?介绍了生活中常见的关于绿色环保的几个认识误区,引导学生学习正确的环保方法。由此确定,语义图的另一个模块为描述环境问题和环保措施的词汇与表达,得到语义图中的第二个二级上位词go green。文章内容具体包括环保不当的影响和有效的环保措施,由此得到图中的分支三problems和分支四effective measures。
接下来,按照词汇在描述行为、过程、特征等方面的具体含义,将词汇归类到以上四个分支中。
最后,以意义表达和具体用法为引领,按照语用功能到具体词块的层级顺序,得到完整的语义图如下:
以上制作主题词汇语义图的过程,是让词汇知识结构化的过程。学生不仅把握了词义的内涵和外延,还将词汇与意图、态度的传达关联起来。同时,将零散的词汇整理成语块,有助于后期的语言输出。
三、复现
通过听、说、读、写、看,多模态复现同主题词汇。例如,在一轮复习中,可以在听说练习中通过词的音形结合,提高对词汇的熟悉度。在同主题群文阅读中,利用四选一阅读练习、七选五、完形填空、语法填空这些多样的题型训练,接触体裁多样、话题丰富的语篇。在选择题练习或填空练习完成后,重读语篇,勾画与主题相关的词块,加强对复现词汇的记忆,并将新发现的主题词汇补充到语义图中,扩充词汇量。在语篇重读的过程中,同时关注词汇间的语义转述(如:词语的同义词、近义词或反义词等),在语境中感受熟词生义、一词多义、词的灵活用法、词的搭配积累,为下一步的书面表达做铺垫。
以2021年新高考全国I卷阅读理解C篇为例,该篇文章的主题是人与自然,保护水鸟。可以看到,文中的划线词块为可以补充到语义图中的主题词汇。
\[例1\] (2021新高考全国I卷)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife . Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely . Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources . Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations , greatly reducing waterfowl habitat .
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (遷徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival . Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources .
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
四、产出
通过使用主题词汇完成写作任务来达成巩固词汇和提升语言技能的目的。书面表达对语言综合运用能力的要求较高,最能体现学生词汇复习的成效,考查学生能否准确、得体、灵活地运用词汇。
在历年高考真题和优质模拟题中,找到同主题的书面表达练习,在写作输出中检验词汇语用。
还是围绕环保主题,应用文可以用2022年全国甲卷对应部分进行写作练习。
[例2] (2022全国甲卷)你校将以六月八日世界海洋日为主题,举办英语征文比赛,请你写一篇短文投稿。内容包括:
1. 海洋的重要性;
2. 保护海洋的倡议。
注意:
1. 词数 100 左右;
2. 短文的题目和首句已为你写好。
Our oceans, our responsibility
June 8th was named by the UN in 2009 as World Oceans Day.
分析写作要求可知,本题需要学生讨论海洋保护的意义和做法,需要用到环境问题和保护措施的相关词汇。
读后续写可以用武汉市2023届高中毕业生四月质量检测对应部分进行练习。
\[例3\] Maria and Peter lived in a coastal city. The greatest pleasure in summer for them was to swim at their local beach after school. But one day they started to lose their enthusiasm for swimming in the waters. More often than not, they would find plastic bags thrown on the beach . Worse still, as they swam in the water, some plastic bags would float around them and even stick to their legs when they walked to the shore.
They were upset and decided something needed to be done to stop the beautiful sea becoming consumed by waste . One weekend, Maria and Peter brought a big bag to the beach and determined to clean it up . Sweat streamed down from their forehead while they bent down and picked up the plastic bags. To their disappointment, after a days hard work, there were still many
plastic bags lying on the beach or floating in the water. Going home
with aching legs and arms, Maria and Peter were almost defeated by a strong sense of failure.
That night over dinner with their parents, the pair ate silently. Noticing their low spirits, Mother asked gently, “You two looked so down. What happened?” Exchanging glances with Peter, Maria replied in a low voice, “Its those annoying plastic bags. We tried to clean up but it was just impossible.” Understanding the pairs disappointment, their father patted them on the back and comforted, “Well, its really hard for just two of you to fix such a big problem .” “Just two of us.” complained Maria and Peter, looking at each other. Suddenly, an idea lashed through their minds, their eyes shining with excitement. “Yes,thats the point! We should make more people aware of the problem and encourage them to take action !” the pair said in chorus.
注意:
1.續写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Quickly finishing their dinner, the pair went upstairs and started planning.
Excited and nervous, they posted the video and article on WeChat.
从续写原文和给出的两个首句看出,该篇读后续写引导学生知行合一,通过实际行动,践行环保观念。在进行情节设计和人物动作描写时,需要用到环保措施的相关表达。
在写作中,词汇不再孤立,而是与语境、主题产生联系,被整块提取,有意义、合语法语义、合语体情感地调用,以完成在特定语境下的综合性语言实践活动。
五、结语
词汇的掌握不仅仅局限于记忆词的音、形、义,更重要的是在语篇中,调用词汇知识,理解关键信息,把握文章内涵,传达主题意义。从语篇中导入词汇复习,以语篇话题为引领,扩大词汇语义网的广度。用语篇输出巩固词汇复习效果,迁移词汇运用,做到词汇知识与主题意义的深度融合,最终达成词汇复习的整进整出。
责任编辑 吴昊雷