余红 肖文斐 来文国 汪建荣 柳爱春
摘 要:粉玉1号是以香野为母本、2012-W-02为父本杂交选育而成的早熟粉果草莓新品种。果实圆锥形,一级序果平均单果质量27.6 g,全株平均单果质量17.0 g。果面粉红色,果肉白色,髓心空洞无或小,果实肉质细腻,风味香甜,气味芳香。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.03%,维生素C含量0.742 mg·g-1,总糖含量8.61%,总酸含量0.54%,果实硬度1.82 kg·cm-2。抗炭疽病,中抗白粉病和灰霉病;连續开花能力强,丰产性好;匍匐茎抽生能力强,繁苗容易;在浙江省9月上中旬定植,11月中旬果实成熟。适合我国大部分地区设施促成栽培。
关键词:草莓;新品种;粉玉1号;粉果
中图分类号:S668.4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2023)07-1503-04
Breeding report of a new early-ripening and pink-peel strawberry cultivar Fenyu No.1
YU Hong, XIAO Wenfei*, LAI Wenguo, WANG Jianrong, LIU Aichun
(Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China)
Abstract: Fenyu No.1 is an early-ripening, disease-resistant and pink-peel strawberry cultivar (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) derived from a cross between Kaorino as a female parent and 2012-W-02 as a male parent. Through artificial hybridization pollination, 860 hybrid seeds were obtained in April 2016 and 658 seedlings growing from these seeds were planted in September. From November 2016 to April 2017, 25 superior plants were initially selected in terms of their plant growth vigor, disease resistance, mature period, fruit size, soluble solid content and flavor, and then they were propagated largely for further test. Superior line 2016-17-276 matured early during 2017 to 2018 growing season in Hangzhou, with beautiful fruit color, good fruit quality, delicious flavor, moderate fruit firmness, good successive flowering and fruiting capacity, and high disease resistance. From 2019, the regional adaptive cultivation test was conducted in Jiande and Xiaoshan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province and Xundian county, Yunnan province. The traits of superior line 2016-17-276 were stable and consistent in Hangzhou. Then, it was identified as a new strain named Fenyu No.1. The plant has moderate growth vigor with erect posture, the plant height is 24.5 cm and the crown diameter is 37.0 cm. The leaf is of yellow-green color and shiny, the leaf length is 7.9 cm, width is 8.0 cm, thickness is 0.3 mm, and the petiole length is 22.2 cm. The inflorescence is dichasium, which is below the foliage, and the peduncle length is 18.3 cm. The inflorescences commonly have 22~27 bisexual flowers with white petals. The fruit is conic-shaped. The average weight of the fruits on the first-order is 27.6 g and that on whole plant is 17.0 g. The fruit peel color is pink with white flesh, the size of the fruit cavity is either absent or small, the fruit texture is fine and the aroma is excellent. It contains average soluble solids content of 11.03%, vitamin C of 0.742 mg·g-1, the total sugar content of 8.61%, the total acidity of 0.54%, and the fruit firmness of 1.82 kg·cm-2. The plants are resistant to Anthracnose, and moderately resistant to powdery mildew and gray mold, but susceptible to spider mites. The plant flowers continuously, produces high yield, and easily produces sufficient runners to form daughter plants. In Zhejiang province, the appropriate planting time is from early to mid-September, and the harvest time is in mid-November. This variety is suitable for forcing cultivation under protected conditions in most areas of China.
Key words: Strawberry; New cultivar; Fenyu No.1; Pink-peel fruit
草莓(Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)是蔷薇科(Rosaceae)草莓属(Fragaria)多年生草本植物,营养丰富、味道鲜美,素有“水果皇后”的美称。果实的色泽是评价水果外观品质的一个重要指标,也是消费者进行选择时最直观的评价标准。目前随着草莓育种目标向多样化和专用化方向发展,果实颜色的多样化也成为重要的育种目标之一[1]。自然界中野生草莓的果实颜色变化较大,从完全白色到深红色均有发现。日本最早进行栽培草莓白果育种研究,选育了天使、雪兔、和田初恋、阿苏的雪、淡雪、桃熏等白果或粉果草莓品种[2-3],因果色新奇美观而备受市场青睐。此外,随着消费者生活水平提高,普通型红果草莓已不能满足市场新需求,选育特异果色且品质优良的草莓品种是当前需要努力的方向。为此,杭州市农科院开展了特异果色草莓育种研究,选育出了早熟优质粉果草莓新品种粉玉1号(图1)。
1 选育过程
2016年3月,以红果草莓品种香野为母本,以白果优系2012-W-02为父本进行有性杂交,收获杂交种子860粒,当年5月播种后获得实生苗658株,9月上旬定植于杭州市农业科学院西湖区下杨村草莓试验基地。2016年11月至2017年4月进行植株长势、抗病性、成熟期、果实大小、可溶性固形物含量和風味等主要性状考察,初选优株25株并进行繁苗。2017年底至2018年初在杭州进行复选,其中优株2016-17-276表现为早熟、色泽美观、品质优、风味浓、硬度适中、连续开花结果能力强、抗病性强等特点,入选为优系。2018年对该优系进行扩繁,并在杭州建德市、萧山区及昆明寻甸县等地进行生产试栽,确认其性状表现稳定,将其确定为品系,定名为粉玉1号。2019—2021年在杭州富阳区、建德市、温州乐清市开展品种对比试验和区域性生产试验。2020—2021年开始在北京、四川、安徽、上海、山东等地开展品种适应性栽培试验。多年多点区试结果表明,该品系早熟、质优、产量高、抗病性好,综合经济性状优异。2023年4月通过浙江省农作物新品种认定,认定编号:浙认蔬2023007。
2 主要特性
2.1 植物学特征
植株长势旺,株型直立,1月份平均株高24.5 cm,冠径37.0 cm。三出复叶,叶片圆形,黄绿色,叶长7.9 cm,宽8.0 cm,厚0.3 mm;叶缘锯齿尖,叶柄长22.2 cm。花序低于叶面,斜生,花序梗长18.3 cm,每序花朵数22~27个;两性花,单层花瓣,花瓣重叠、白色。花序连续抽生能力强,自然坐果率高。匍匐茎抽生能力强,且粗壮,繁殖系数高,繁苗容易。
2.2 果实经济性状
第一花序部分一级序果为圆锥形或楔形,其余果实为圆锥形,果面粉红色,种子平于或凹于果面。第一花序一级序果平均单果质量27.6 g,全株平均单果质量17.0 g,产量达30.89 t·hm-2。果肉白色,髓心空洞无或小,肉质细腻多汁,风味清甜,气味芳香。全年平均可溶性固形物含量11.03%,总糖含量8.61%,总酸含量0.54%,维生素C含量0.742 mg·g-1,果实硬度1.82 kg·cm-2(表1)。
2.3 物候期
在浙江省设施栽培,9月上中旬定植,10月中下旬始花期,11月上旬盛花期,11月中旬果实初熟期。连续开花坐果性强,从第一花序现蕾开始,大约30 d抽生1次花序,花果无断茬现象,果实可持续采收至翌年5月份。
2.4 适应性
多年多点适应性栽培试验结果表明,粉玉1号对各地栽培环境适应性良好,适合设施栽培。参考王庆莲等[4]的方法,通过炭疽病、灰霉病的接种鉴定及田间抗性表现观察发现,粉玉1号抗炭疽病和白粉病,对灰霉病抵抗能力稍弱。蚜虫抗性较好,易感草莓叶螨,在育苗期与栽培期需加强草莓叶螨的防控(表2)。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 育苗
选择土壤疏松肥沃、排灌水方便的田块,前作最好种植水稻。每666.7 m2施三元复合肥40~50 kg作为基肥,垄宽1.5~1.8 m,其中沟宽30 cm、沟深25 cm,垄面中间高两边低,避免积水。选用无病健壮苗作为母株,3月中下旬定植,666.7 m2栽植800~1000株种苗,繁育子苗数每666.7 m2 4万~5万株。粉玉1号较抗炭疽病,但需适时防治,可适当减少用药频率;加强叶螨防治。育苗中后期根据母苗和子苗长势,合理控制肥水,促使植株矮壮,提高抗逆性,并促进花芽分化。
3.2 定植
在浙江及邻近省份种植时,9月上中旬定植,一般为高垄双行定植,选择根系发达、短缩茎粗度6 mm以上,无病虫害,具有4片及以上叶片的子苗。双行三角形种植,短缩茎弓背朝向垄沟。株距20 cm,每666.7 m2栽植6000株左右。
3.3 肥水管理
粉玉1号连续开花结果能力强,需薄肥勤施,以满足植株生长对养分的需求。定植前每666.7 m2施入充分腐熟的有机肥料2 t作为基肥。定植后7~10 d追施含腐殖酸水溶性肥500~800倍液,以促进新根生长。第一枚新叶长出后,通过滴灌浇施氮磷钾20-10-20水溶性肥800~1000倍液。果实膨大期,交替施用15-10-30+TE水溶性肥600~800倍液和15-5-15+7 CaO+3MgO+TE 水溶肥600~800倍液,可追施叶面肥,补充中微量元素。根据土壤特性和植株生长状况,适时调整肥料种类、施肥浓度和次数。
3.4 植株管理
移栽成活后,及时促进新叶生长,促壮苗,第一花序顶花蕾开放时,确保有5~6枚展开叶,以后保持8~10枚叶片;顶花序抽生前,摘除长出的侧芽;顶花序抽生后,选择保留1~2个方位好且粗壮的侧芽,其余摘除,以后抽生的侧芽也要及时摘除。由于连续开花能力强,抑制了植株的营养生长,因此不必采用化控方法控旺。花期采取疏花疏果措施,疏去高级次小花和弱花。结果后,及时疏掉畸形果、病果和高级次小果,每花序可留5~7个果。
3.5 棚溫管理
在浙江省种植时,10月下旬至11月上中旬当夜间气温下降至10 ℃左右时,覆盖大棚膜。夜间气温降至5 ℃以下时,覆盖内膜。棚内保持最高温度28 ℃左右,最低温度12 ℃,开花后最高温度25 ℃,最低温度6 ℃。
3.6 病虫害防治
粉玉1号抗炭疽病、白粉病和灰霉病,采用常规防治方法即可。采用物理防治、生态防治及选用低残留生物药剂防治病虫害,花果期应尽量减少药剂的使用。该品种较感叶螨,要重视早期防治。防治螨类可采用杀成虫为主配合杀卵为主的药剂复配后喷雾,必须喷透叶背,花后则可释放捕食螨进行生物防治。
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