王逢鑫
第一,“阴阳”是中国古代哲学思想,是自然界的根本规律。“阴”,英语译为Yin,“阳”,英语译为Yang。例如:
1. 在中国古代哲学中,“阴”和“阳”指自然界物质有内在联系的两大对立面。In ancient Chinese philosophy, Yin and Yang are the two opposing aspects of matters in nature, which are interrelated with each other.
第二,“阴阳”是中国古代有关日、月等天体运行规律的学问。太阳是sun,太阴是moon。“朝阳”,英语译为morning sun或rising sun。“夕阳”,英语译为setting sun。“骄阳”,英语译为blazing sun。例如:
2. 朝阳正冉冉升起。The morning sun is rising slowly.
3. 夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏。Though the setting sun is unrivalled in its splendor, it is a pity that the dusk is fast approaching.
4. 骄阳似火。The blazing sun is like a fireball.
第三,“阴阳”与历法相关。“太阳历”或“阳历”是以地球绕太阳公转的运动周期为基础而制定的历法,英语译为solar calendar。“太阴历”或“阴历”,是按月亮的月相周期来安排的历法,英语译为lunar calendar。我们所说的“农历”是兼顾月相周期和太阳周年运动所安排的阴阳合历,英语译为lunisolar calendar或traditional Chinese calendar。例如:
5. 阳历以地球绕太阳公转的运动周期为基础。Solar calendar is based on the cycle of the Earths movement around the Sun.
6. 农历正月十五是元宵节。The 15th day of the first month of the traditional Chinese calendar is the Lantern Festival.
第四,“陽”表示有太阳的天气,而“阴”表示没有太阳的天气。“艳阳天”,英语译为bright sunny day。“阴天”,英语译为cloudy day或overcast day。例如:
7. 在一个艳阳天, 我站在山顶,远眺大海。On a bright sunny day, I stood on the top of a hill, looking down at the sea.
8. 阴天时,有些人容易情绪低沉。On overcast days, some people tend to be in low spirits.
第五,“阳”与活着的人相关,而“阴”与死去的人相关。“阳间”就是“人间”,英语译为the human world或the world of the living。“阴间”或“阴曹”,英语译为the nether world或the world of the dead。例如:
9. 这个人相信灵魂的存在,也相信阳间和阴间有关联。The man believes that there exist souls and there is a connection between the world of the living and the world of the dead.
第六,在医学检查中,“阴性”(negative)表示检查结果正常,而“阳性”(positive)则代表有病或者感染了病毒。“阳了”的意思是“受病毒感染,检测呈阳性”,英语译为to test positive或to be tested and come up positive。例如:
10. 昨天我阳了,发烧而且头很痛。I tested positive yesterday,having a fever and getting a very bad headache.
“转阴”的意思是“受病毒感染已痊愈,检测呈阴性”,英语译为to test negative或to test negative and have a recovery。
第七,中医的“阳虚”,英语译为deficiency of Yang。中医的“阴虚”,英语译为deficiency of Yin。例如:
11. “阴阳”学说广泛应用于中医。The principle of Yin-Yang is widely applied to traditional Chinese medicine.
12. “阳虚”指阳气不足、机能衰退的症候。Deficiency of Yang refers to such symptoms as lack of vital energy and decline of functions.
13. “阴虚”指津液亏损、脏器精气不足的症候。Deficiency of Yin refers to such symptoms as insufficiency of body fluids and insufficiency of vital essence of internal organs.
第八,英语语法中有专门属于女人和雌性动物的阴性名词(feminine noun)、阴性代词(feminine pronoun)和阴性形式(feminine form),以及专门属于男人和雄性动物的阳性名词(masculine noun)、阳性代词(masculine pronoun)和阳性形式(masculine form)。例如:
14. 有些人不喜欢使用actress这一阴性形式,而用actor指代两个性别。Some people prefer not to use the feminine form “actress”, and they use the word “actor” for both sexes.
第九,一些西方语言(如法语)的词汇有阴性(feminine gender)和阳性(masculine gender)之分。例如:
15. “书”这个词在法语里是阴性,还是阳性?What gender is the word “book” in French, feminine or masculine?
第十,“阳”和“阴”分别表示男女的气质。男性的“阳刚”,英语译为 masculinity、manhood或manliness。女性的“阴柔”,英语译为femininity、womanhood或womanliness。例如:
16. “阳刚”是与男孩和男人相关的一组特点、行为和角色。Masculinity/ Manhood/Manliness is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men.
17.“陰柔”被认为是女性的典型特点。Femininity/Womanhood/ Womanliness means the qualities that are considered to be typical of women.
第十一,“阳”表示“公开的”,而“阴”表示“隐蔽的”。“阳谋”,英语译为overt scheme。“阴谋”,英语译为plot、conspiracy、covert scheme。例如:
18. 敌军军官发现游击队的佯攻其实是个阳谋。The enemy officer found out that the simulated attack of the guerrilla was actually an overt scheme.
19. 缉毒警察挫败了毒枭贩毒的阴谋。The anti-drug police thwarted the drug lords conspiracy of drug dealing.