Model division multiple access for semantic communications∗

Ping ZHANG ,Xiaodong XU ,Chen DONG ,Kai NIU,,Haotai LIANG,Zijian LIANG,Xiaoqi QIN,Mengying SUN,Hao CHEN,Nan MA,,Wenjun XU,Guangyu WANG,Xiaofeng TAO,4

1State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology,Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing 100876,China

2Department of Broadband Communication,Peng Cheng Laboratory,Shenzhen 518066,China

3ZGC Institute of Ubiquitous-X Innovation and Applications,Beijing 100876,China

4School of Information and Communication Engineering,Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing 100876,China

Abstract: In a multi-user system,system resources should be allocated to different users.In traditional communication systems,system resources generally include time,frequency,space,and power,so multiple access technologies such as time division multiple access (TDMA),frequency division multiple access (FDMA),space division multiple access (SDMA),code division multiple access (CDMA),and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are widely used.In semantic communication,which is considered a new paradigm of the next-generation communication system,we extract high-dimensional features from signal sources in a model-based artificial intelligence approach from a semantic perspective and construct a model information space for signal sources and channel features.From the high-dimensional semantic space,we excavate the shared and personalized information of semantic information and propose a novel multiple access technology,named model division multiple access (MDMA),which is based on the resource of the semantic domain.From the perspective of information theory,we prove that MDMA can attain more performance gains than traditional multiple access technologies.Simulation results show that MDMA saves more bandwidth resources than traditional multiple access technologies,and that MDMA has at least a 5-dB advantage over NOMA in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel under the low signal-to-noise (SNR) condition.

Key words: Model division multiple access (MDMA);Semantic communication;Multiple access

1 Introduction

Semantic communication is considered a new paradigm with great potential for the nextgeneration communication system (Zhang P et al.,2022a,2022b,2022c).The work on semantic communication is still carried out under the framework proposed by Shannon (1948).Artificial intelligence(AI) technology is used to achieve the following:establish the knowledge base at both the receiver and the transmitter;provide modular and highly abstract methods to extract semantic information;make full use of prior knowledge and channel environment information,making semantic communication more efficient.

Since the first generation of the text-based semantic communication system,namely the deep learning based semantic communication system(DeepSC) (Xie et al.,2021),there have been a large number of semantic communication systems for various sources(Table 1),such as text(Xie et al.,2021),speech signal (Weng and Qin,2021),image (Dai JC et al.,2022;Dong et al.,2023),video (Jiang et al.,2023;Wang SX et al.,2023),and three-dimensional(3D) point cloud (Zhu et al.,2022).DeepSC (Xie et al.,2021) aims to maximize system capacity and minimize semantic errors by recovering the meaning of sentences rather than bit or symbol errors in traditional communication.Compared with the traditional communication system,it has obvious semantic transmission advantages under the low signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) condition.DeepSC-S (Weng and Qin,2021) uses a compression and stimulation network to provide higher weights to recognize important speech semantic information through the attention mechanism when training the neural network.Nonlinear transform source-channel coding(NTSCC) was applied in Dai JC et al.(2022) and Wang SX et al.(2023) to map image and video sources into a nonlinear potential space to achieve more efficient semantic extraction and transmission.Dong et al.(2023) believed that the layer-based semantic communication system for image (LSCI)model is the carrier of intelligence,and that semantic transmission is essentially the flow of the AI model.Therefore,the semantic slice model (SeSM) was designed to realize the flow of semantic intelligence.In the face of 3D point cloud sources,AITransfer (Zhu et al.,2022)implements end-to-end source compression from the semantic level,providing ideas for the semantic transmission of 3D point cloud sources.

Table 1 Semantic communication system for different sources

The construction and verification of the semantic communication system in the physical layer have gradually broadened the level of Shannon’s theoretical communication,and the AI model has become an important carrier for building semantic information.The semantic communication systems mentioned above are point-to-point ones,and the multiuser communication system has always been the research focus (Luo et al.,2022;Zhang Y et al.,2022;Li et al.,2023).In the 40 years of development from first-generation (1G) to fifth-generation (5G) communication systems (Mao et al.,2022),each generation has had representative and breakthrough multiple access (MA) technology.The development of MA technology has been directed mostly toward the allocation of orthogonal wireless resources to different physical resources to avoid multi-user interference,for example,the time domain of time division MA (TDMA) in the first generation,the frequency domain of frequency division MA (FDMA)in the second generation,the code domain of code division MA (CDMA) in the third generation,and scheduling of both time and frequency domains in the fourth generation of orthogonal frequency division MA(OFDMA).In addition,the development of the multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)technology has created a space domain,which has spawned the space division MA (SDMA) technology.In the 5G era,to further improve the spectrum efficiency(SE),MA technology is developing towards nonorthogonal MA (NOMA) by allocating resources in the power domain (Saito et al.,2013;Dai LL et al.,2015;Ding et al.,2016).Each user’s information is allocated a different power and then superimposed for transmission.At the receiver,interference cancellation technology is used to separate the signals of different users.

In particular,there is a sixth-generation wireless communication(6G)candidate MA scheme,namely rate splitting multiple access (RSMA) (Mao et al.,2022).The main idea of RSMA is to divide the user message into common and private parts,and thus to enable the capability of partially decoding the interference.When the interference is weak or strong,RSMA automatically reduces to SDMA or NOMA,respectively,by adjusting the power and content of the common and private streams.

The new paradigm of the semantic communication system also creates a new allocation resource,namely,the model information space.The generation of model information space resources informs the establishment of a new MA technology,namely model division multiple access(MDMA).Traditional MA technologies consider physical resources,such as time,frequency,power,and space,to realize multi-user differentiation,while MDMA is a new MA method that uses the characteristics of the source semantic domain from a higher information dimension.Semantic features extracted from information sources with the help of the AI model enable the modeling of user’s personality characteristics,which provides a knowledge basis for the differentiation of multi-user semantic information.As shown in Fig.1,combining traditional physical resources and the model information space,the channel capacity can be expressed as follows:

Fig.1 The new paradigm of semantic communication creates a model information space,which is different from traditional physical resources (MDMA realizes user differentiation through semantic information features extracted by the model)

whereT,B,P,H,andΦrepresent the time-domain resource,frequency-domain resource,power-domain resource,space-domain resource,and model information space resource,respectively,Iis the identity matrix,andσ2is the noise variance.The semantic information extracted by an AI model from different users may contain both shared and personalized information in the high-dimensional space,but this distinction may be lost or obscured when the information is compressed into a lower-dimensional space.In the MDMA technology,we identify,analyze,and extract the shared and personalized information represented in the semantic information extracted by the model from multiple users,and then superimpose and reuse the signals bringing the shared information to achieve the effect of MA and reduce the transmission bandwidth.

The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:

1.Through a deep understanding of the semantic information extracted by the AI model,the semantic information extracted from different users is characterized as shared and personalized information,and the MA technology for the semantic communication paradigm,namely,MDMA,has been proposed for the first time.

2.From the perspective of information theory,we define a new metric called“feasibility” to evaluate the systematic service capability for each user in MA systems,and construct a feasible region based on the upper limit of the feasibility for each user.We prove that MDMA schemes have greater feasible regions than the traditional MA methods,which means that more performance gains can be attained by MDMA schemes compared with the traditional schemes.

3.By conducting simulations using the datasets of CIFAR-10 (Krizhevsky,2009) and OpenImage(Kuznetsova et al.,2020),multi-user transmission with MDMA can save an additional 25%bandwidth when compared to image-based semantic communication (Dong et al.,2023).This demonstrates that the use of multi-user transmission is a more efficient and effective approach for transmitting image data across multiple users.

2 MDMA:uplink and downlink designs

When semantic signals are extracted,they are mapped into a high-dimensional space to express the source in another form,and we call the highdimensional space the semantic model space.We demonstrate in this section that there is a large amount of shared information in semantic signals between different users in the semantic model space.We begin by presenting the semantic information that is shared and personalized to the two users,followed by a detailed description of MDMA uplink and downlink processes based on these shared and individual semantic features.

2.1 Multi-user semantic information analysis

The LSCI system(Dong et al.,2023)is used to extract the semantic information from MNIST and OpenImage datasets.As shown in Fig.2,the blue and orange lines represent different sets of imagerelated semantic information extracted by user 1 and user 2,respectively.

Fig.2 Semantic signals of different images extracted by two users for the MNIST dataset (a) and the OpenImage dataset (b) (References to color refer to the online version of this figure)

From Fig.2a,we observe that the semantic information sets of user 1 and user 2 are quite similar,despite the fact that the signal maps are extracted from different-numbered images;further,there are only minor variations in amplitude and phase.Fig.2b displays the semantic signals of two more complex images.There is a significant similarity between the two signals in the first 30 dimensions.Notably,in dimensions 60–80,the signal amplitudes are similar but the polarities are opposite,indicating that the amount of information shared between the two signals is also minimal.

To further illustrate the existence of shared and personalized information among different users,we give the statistical distribution on each semantic feature dimension extracted from the MNIST test set,as shown in Fig.3.The statistical distribution wrapped in a red box shows that the shared information is not a random phenomenon,but generally exists in certain feature dimensions.

Fig.3 Statistical distribution on each semantic feature dimension extracted from the MNIST test set(References to color refer to the online version of this figure)

Based on the results of the preliminary experiments,it is evident that there is a significant amount of shared information between the semantic signals of multiple users.The proposed MDMA technology aims to leverage this shared information to prevent bandwidth waste due to redundant transmissions.

Although the performance of extracting shared information is important for the capacity domain of MDMA,we focus only on the discovery of common information.The method we use to extract common information is relatively simple.We compare the variance of each dimension of two semantic vectors and set a threshold for the percentage of commonality.

The concept of our proposed MDMA should have a generalized definition.MDMA does not specifically differentiate between the semantic signals of different users in the semantic signal space.Instead,we mine the shared and personalized semantic information of different users in the model information space.Among them,the shared semantic information is transmitted within the same time-frequency resources,while personalized semantic information is transmitted separately.The gain of MDMA,compared to those of other MA techniques,comes mainly from the reuse of shared information among different users in the model information space.

2.2 Design of the uplink channel based on MDMA

Fig.4 depicts an uplink scenario in which multiple users simultaneously transmit semantic information to the base station.The base station uses a semantic decoder to reconstruct the original source.First,the base station matches two users who have initiated uplink transmission instructions.User 1 and user 2 extract their source semantic informationSxandSy,respectively,as follows:

Fig.4 Schematic of uplink MDMA.The base station matches multiple users,receives the users’ shared information and personalized information,restores the original semantic information of each user,and then restores the source through the semantic decoder

whereSxandSyrepresent the semantic information extracted fromXandY,respectively.

Then user 1 and user 2 send the shared semantic informationSxs+Systo the base station at time 1 (frequency 1).Thereafter user 1 and user 2 send the personalized semantic informationSxpandSypto the base station at time 2 (frequency 2).Arbitrary channel coding modules can be configured to transmit the above semantic information.

After receiving the shared and personalized information from user 1 and user 2,the base station can recover the original semantic signals of each user,and recover the source of information using the semantic decoder.

2.3 Design of the downlink channel based on MDMA

The downlink design,as depicted in Fig.5,allows for the base station to distribute semantic signals from multiple source data to multiple users simultaneously.First,the base station searches for matching users and extracts the semantic information using AI-based semantic models based on users’requirements.

Fig.5 Schematic of downlink MDMA.After multiple users extract the source semantic information separately,they transmit their semantic information to the base station at the same time and save bandwidth by reusing the shared information

By comparing the similarity between the two semantic features,the shared informationSxsandSysand the personalized informationSxpandSypcan be extracted.The signals carrying the shared informationSxsandSysare combined and sent together,while the signals carrying personalized informationSxpandSypare transmitted separately to the user.Thus,user 1 and user 2 receive the shared information and their own personalized information,and the original imagesXandYcan be restored using the semantic decoder.

3 System model and theoretical analysis

3.1 Uplink MDMA system

We consider aK-user (K ≥2) uplink MDMA system with a Gaussian MA channel.Each useri(1≤i ≤K) attempts to send the sourcexito the base station,by using a model-based semanticchannel encoderφi(·) to map the sourcexito the channel-input sequencesφi(xi).Assume that each senderitransmits its signal with powerPion a series of shared time-frequency resources.After transmitting in the MA channel,the signal received at the base station can be expressed as follows:

in whichrespresents the white Gaussian noise received at the base station,andσ2refers to the power of noisen.

According to the analysis in the previous section,much shared semantic information is extracted by users,so the bandwidth and time used by users can overlap.LetTiandFibe the time and bandwidth resources occupied by useri(1≤i ≤K),respectively,and letTi=|Ti|andBi=|Fi|indicate the corresponding time and bandwidth overheads of useri(1≤i ≤K),respectively.We define a metric called the semantic overlap rate (Sor) to characterize the resource reuse rates in the time or frequency domain,which can be expressed as follows:

By evaluating the relationship between the reuse rates Sor and the performance of multiple-user signal detection,the resource-saving ability of uplink MDMA schemes can be shown in comparison to traditional multiple access methods.

In addition,based on a theoretical analysis,we provide an explanation for why the uplink MDMA system has performance advantages over the traditional uplink MA methods.

Evidently,as shown in Eq.(3),the system model of uplink MDMA is similar to that of the uplink power domain NOMA(PD-NOMA) in terms of form.Hence,it can be easily proved that the uplink MDMA system can achieve the limit of the achievable capacity region of the MA channel (Cover and Thomas,2001)as the PD-NOMA scheme does (Wu et al.,2018).

For further analysis,we draw our inspiration from the source-channel coding theorem of the information theory (Cover and Thomas,2001),which is also suitable for the MA system:

Theorem 1(Source-channel coding theorem) If a finite alphabet stochastic processXsatisfies that its entropyH(X) is less than the channel capacityC,i.e.,H(X)

Apparently,the above theorem holds true for the semantic-channel encoderφi(·) in the MDMA system,as it does not differentiate between separate and joint source-channel coding.

To facilitate a theoretical comparison of the performance of the uplink MDMA system with that of the NOMA system,we set the ratio of the channel transmission ratesRcc(upper-limited by the channel capacityCof the MA system)to the source coding ratesRsc(lower-limited by the entropyH(X)of sourceX)as a new metric called feasibility(labeled asF),which is used to characterize the service capabilities that the channel can provide for the MA systems,i.e.,

Based on this new metric,we expand the capacity region to an achievable feasible region for the uplink MDMA and other compared schemes with a two-user MA channel,as shown in Fig.6.To achieve the upper bound of the achievable feasible region,the base station is assumed to detect both users’signals to achieve the limit of the achievable capacity region,e.g.,by using successive interference cancellation (SIC).represents the achievable channel capacity for useri,i.e.,

Fig.6 Feasible region for uplink MDMA and compared schemes (References to color refer to the online version of this figure)

so the channel can provide higher service capability for uplink MDMA,which makes uplink MDMA obtain performance benefits compared to uplink NOMA.

3.2 Downlink MDMA system

Let us shift the focus to theK-user (K ≥2)downlink MDMA system with a Gaussian broadcast channel.Under this circumstance,the base station attempts to sendKsourcesx1,x2,···,xKto their corresponding user equipments(UEs),by using a series of model-based semantic-channel encodersφ1(·),φ2(·),···,φK(·)to map the sources to channelinput sequencesφ1(x1),φ2(x2),···,φK(xK).The channel-input sequences are assigned with the power factorsα1,α2,···,αK,constrained as

so that the sequences can be overlaid on the shared time-frequency resources and then broadcast to each user’s receiver with the total powerP.Hence,the signal received at each receiver can be modeled as

Similarly,we can use Sor to evaluate the resource-saving ability of downlink MDMA schemes.Besides,from the viewpoint of theoretical analysis,we can build an achievable feasible region to evaluate the service capability with a two-user broadcast channel that the channel can provide for the downlink MDMA scheme,in comparison to those of the other schemes(Fig.7).With the total transmission powerP,the transmission signals for user 1 with the larger power factorαshould be directly detected,so the channel capacity for user 1 needs to be expressed as

Fig.7 Feasible region for downlink MDMA and compared schemes (References to color refer to the online version of this figure)

in whichmeans the power of noisen1at user 1’s receiver.As for user 2 with the smaller power factor 1−α,to achieve the limit of the achievable capacity region,the interference from user 1 is assumed to be canceled (Cover and Thomas,2001) (e.g.,by using SIC),so that the channel capacity for user 2 can be given by

which results in the same conclusion as in the uplink scenario;that is,the channel can provide higher service capability for downlink MDMA,and thus the downlink MDMA can attain more performance gains than the traditional schemes.

Note that since the fundamental theory of feasibility (i.e.,the source-channel coding theorem)does not differentiate between separate and joint semantic (source) channel coding,MDMA schemes based on these two coding frameworks can have the same achievable feasible region in both uplink and downlink systems.

Furthermore,note that the above analysis can only theoretically prove that MDMA schemes have better performance than TDMA/FDMA or NOMA schemes in both uplink and downlink systems from the viewpoint of the achievable feasible region,which comes from the lower rates of the source encoding with semantic encoding caused by reuse of the shared information.The analysis results can be the upper bound of the feasible regions achieved by practical MDMA schemes.

4 Simulation results and analysis

In this section,MDMA simulations are introduced in detail.First,we introduce the setting,including the semantic communication model used,the datasets,and the baseline.Then,we describe the semantic recovery performance of MDMA under different SNRs in an additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)channel.Finally,we show the performance comparison between the complete semantic communication system combined with MDMA and the traditional semantic communication system.

4.1 Setting and baseline

The datasets considered in the simulations include CIFAR-10 and OpenImage,which consist of 60 000 RGB images of 32×32 resolution and over 100 000 RGB images of large size,respectively.In particular,only 100 000 images are selected as the training set and 2000 images as the test set.

OFDM (Gao et al.,2018) and NOMA (Ding et al.,2016),which are representative MA technologies of 4G and 5G,are used as the baseline for the simulations.Furthermore,note that in the MDMA simulation,no other MA techniques are combined.The simulations of MDMA are conducted by transmitting the user’s personalized information and partially shared information.

The peak SNR (PSNR) is an indicator used for the measurements,defined as follows:

where MSE is the mean squared-error between the reference imageXand the reconstructed imageY,and MAX is the maximum possible value of the image pixels,which is equal to one in our simulations.

4.2 Evaluation on the CIFAR-10 dataset

We use the variances of two semantic information sets to express the distinction in the amount of semantic information.Then,an approach is employed to overlay and transmit the signal containing semantic information that has smaller differences in information quantity.The bandwidth occupied by the superimposed signal divided by the bandwidth of the original signal is called the semantic information reuse rate,or Sor.

As shown in Fig.8a,with the improvement of Sor,the bandwidth occupancy rate naturally decreases gradually.When the quantities of semantic information transmitted are identical,the bandwidth occupation is half of the original bandwidth occupation.The blue and orange lines in Fig.8a indicate the change in the recovery performance of user 1 and user 2 with the increase of Sor,respectively.The recovery performances of the two users are almost the same and are not biased.When Sor reaches 50%,the performance is almost consistent with the original recovery performance,which means that 25%bandwidth can be saved.When Sor exceeds 50%,the performance decreases gradually.

Fig.8 PSNR performance and bandwidth saving rate under different shared semantic information reuse rates(a),PSNR performance of MDMA,NOMA,and OFDM under different SNRs in the AWGN channel with different bandwidths and powers (b),and PSNR performance of MDMA,NOMA,and OFDM under different SNRs in the AWGN channel after equivalent transformation using the Shannon formula (c) on the CIFAR-10 dataset (References to color refer to the online version of this figure)

Fig.8b shows the change in PSNR performance of MDMA under the AWGN channel with different SNRs when Sor is 50%.To compare the MA technology separately,a channel coding module is not added to the comparison schemes of NOMA and OFDM technologies,and the channel coding SeSM is also not added to LSCI in the MDMA technology in the simulations.

We take bandwidthBNOMAand powerPNOMAof NOMA as the benchmark:

The bandwidth and power of OFDM and MDMA are as follows:

The performance of MDMA in the AWGN channel is evidently better than that of OFDM,despite the unequal conditions.Due to the fact that semantic communication rate adaptation is influenced by multiple factors that are difficult to control,we cannot compare NOMA and MDMA under completely equal bandwidth and power conditions.Therefore,Shannon’s formula is used for power normalization and bandwidth normalization.

Specifically,the power normalization operation is to shift the MDMA line to the right by 1.5 dB.The bandwidth normalization operation is to satisfy the following formula:

whereγ1is the SNR of 1.5 bandwidth,andγ2is the SNR of the normalized bandwidth.The MDMA line shifts to the right in different degrees according to the SNR.

Fig.8c shows the PSNR of MDMA,OFDM,and NOMA under different SNRs in the AWGN channel after power and bandwidth normalization.Under a high SNR condition,the performances of the three MA technologies are similar.Under a low SNR condition,MDMA begins to show its superiority,with a 5-dB advantage over NOMA.

4.3 Evaluation on the OpenImage dataset

The simulation to verify the MDMA technology on the OpenImage dataset,which contains a large number of natural images of large size,is more general.

Fig.9a shows the PSNR performance of the various models for the images under different Sor.Similar to the results of the simulation on the CIFAR-10 dataset,when Sor is more than 50%,the performance has an obvious decline trend,and the performance is almost unchanged when Sor is less than 50%.

Fig.9 PSNR performance and bandwidth saving rate under different shared semantic information reuse rates(a),PSNR performance of MDMA,NOMA,and OFDM under different SNRs in the AWGN channel with different bandwidths and powers(b),and PSNR performance of MDMA,NOMA,and OFDM under different SNRs in the AWGN channel after equivalent transformation using the Shannon formula (c) on the OpenImage dataset (References to color refer to the online version of this figure)

Fig.9b shows the change in the PSNR performance of MDMA under the AWGN channel with different SNRs when Sor is 50%.Fig.9c is the curve after power normalization and bandwidth normalization.Under the condition of high SNR channels,three kinds of MA technologies have strong robustness to weak noise.When SNR is less than 3 dB,the performance of MDMA has at least a 5-dB advantage over that of NOMA.

4.4 MDMA combined with the JSCC-based semantic communication system

To further show the compatibility and advantages of MDMA technology in semantic communication systems,we combine MDMA,LSCI,and the joint source-channel coding (JSCC) based channel slice model,and compare them with traditional communication systems.

Fig.10 is a comparison curve after power and bandwidth normalization.Under the high SNR condition in the AWGN channel,the performance of MDMA+JSCC is slightly lower than those of NOMA+LDPC (low density parity check) +BPSK (binary phase shift keying) and OFDM +LDPC+BPSK.However,under low SNR,MDMA+JSCC has great advantages.In particular,when SNR is–10 dB,the PSNR of MDMA+JSCC is 18 dB and that of NOMA+LDPC+BPSK is only 11 dB.The simulation shows that MDMA+JSCC has a bandwidth advantage of at least about 7 dB compared with NOMA+LDPC +BPSK.

Fig.10 Performance comparison between the JSCCbased semantic communication system of MDMA and the traditional systems of NOMA and OFDM combined with LDPC coding

MDMA is a multi-user technology based on the resource reuse method in the high-dimensional semantic space,which does not conflict with the time-frequency space in OFDM and the power space in NOMA.We verify only the compatibility and availability of MDMA in the semantic communication system,and do not deny the role of OFDM or NOMA.Just like the combination of NOMA and OFDM,it is worthwhile to explore the MA technology in the time,frequency,power,and semantic space in the future.

5 Conclusions and future work

In this paper,we mine the shared and personalized information between semantic information from different users in the high-dimensional semantic space,and propose a novel MA technology to allocate semantic space resources,named model division MA (MDMA).Specifically,we have proved that the upper limit of the proposed feasible region of MDMA is higher than that of NOMA.Simulation results show that MDMA has at least a 5-dB advantage over NOMA in the AWGN channel under a low SNR condition.Moreover,MDMA can work in a mixed mode with NOMA,which can lead to additional performance advantages while keeping compatibilities.In addition,by combining the upper and lower bounds of the JSCC excess distortion exponent in the MIMO-based semantic-aware communication system (Shi et al.,2023;Wang Z et al.,2023),the performance of multi-user transmission in the MIMO system can be further analyzed.

Contributors

Ping ZHANG,Xiaodong XU,Chen DONG,and Kai NIU proposed the main idea.All the authors designed the research.Ping ZHANG,Xiaodong XU,Chen DONG,Kai NIU,Haotai LIANG,and Zijian LIANG participated in theoretical analysis and simulation verification,and drafted the paper.All the authors revised and finalized the paper.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Ping ZHANG,Xiaodong XU,Chen DONG,Kai NIU,Haotai LIANG,Zijian LIANG,Xiaoqi QIN,Mengying SUN,Hao CHEN,Nan MA,Wenjun XU,Guangyu WANG,and Xiaofeng TAO declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.