中晚期肝细胞癌的局部治疗联合系统治疗研究进展

2023-04-29 00:20曹白露艾敏黄平杨永峰
临床肝胆病杂志 2023年8期
关键词:索拉非尼免疫治疗中位

曹白露 艾敏 黄平 杨永峰

摘要:我国大部分肝细胞癌患者就诊时已处于疾病的中晚期阶段,单一治疗方案客观缓解率较低,而联合治疗明显提高了中晚期肝细胞癌患者的客观缓解率,延长了患者的生存期。本文就近年来中晚期肝细胞癌局部治疗联合系统治疗的最新研究进展进行详细阐述。关键词:癌, 肝细胞; 化学栓塞, 治疗性; 分子靶向治疗基金项目:江苏省卫健委重点科研项目(ZD2021061)

Research advances in local treatment combined with systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

CAO Bailu, AI Min, HUANG Ping, YANG Yongfeng. (Department of Hepatology, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Nanjing Second Hospital, Nanjing 210003, China)

Corresponding author:YANG Yongfeng, yyf1979@163.com (ORCID:0000-0002-0942-4833)

Abstract:Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have reached the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis in China, and a single treatment regimen tends to have a low objective response rate (ORR), while combined therapy can significantly increase the ORR of patients with advanced HCC and prolong their survival time. The article elaborates on the latest research advances in the efficacy of local treatment combined with systemic therapy for advanced HCC.

Key words:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Research funding:Key Program of Jiangsu Commision of Health (ZD2021061)

肝细胞癌(HCC)是全世界最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,每年死亡率位居第2位,仅次于胰腺癌[1]。由于HCC起病隐匿,80%患者确诊时已失去手术机会,故非手术治疗成为目前中晚期HCC患者主要的治疗方法。非手术治疗分为局部(介入、消融、放疗)与系统治疗(分子靶向、免疫治疗)[2-3]。大量临床实践表明局部治疗和系统治疗均能给患者带来生存获益,但单一的治疗方案具有明显的局限性,因此,如何为中晚期HCC患者提供最佳的治疗方案成为临床医生的一大挑战。本文就中晚期HCC患者局部治疗联合系统治疗的相关研究进行综述。

1经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)联合系统治疗TACE是中国肝癌分期方案Ⅱb期、Ⅲa期以及巴塞罗那分期B期、C期的首选治疗方法。TACE主要通过栓塞剂栓塞肿瘤动脉和提高局部抗肿瘤药物的浓度发挥抗肿瘤作用。根据栓塞剂不同,TACE分为传统TACE(conventional TACE,cTACE)和载药微球TACE(drug eluting beads-TACE,D-TACE),前者是一种采用以碘化油药物辅以颗粒型栓塞剂栓塞肿瘤动脉的治疗方案,后者是一种预先加载化疗药物的药物洗脱微球栓塞肿瘤动脉的治疗方案。部分中晚期HCC患者能从TACE治疗中获得满意的疗效,但TACE对于肝外转移的病灶及Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型门静脉癌栓的疗效不佳。有学者[4]发现TACE能诱导血管生长因子的释放、促进坏死的肿瘤细胞释放肿瘤抗原及残存的肿瘤细胞过度表达程序性死亡因子配体1,从而引起肿瘤的免疫性逃逸和肿瘤的复发、转移。因此针对这些机制,理论上TACE 联合分子靶向和/或免疫治疗能更好的控制肿瘤发展,从而延长患者的生存期。

1.1TACE联合靶向治疗TACTICS研究[5]结果显示,在不可切除的HCC患者中,TACE联合索拉非尼治疗组较单一TACE组的中位无进展生存期(PFS)更长(25.2个月 vs 13.5个月)、1年生存率(96.2% vs 82.7%)和2年生存率(77.2% vs 64.6%)均更高。同年,Liu等[6]发现与单独D-TACE相比,D-TACE与阿帕替尼联合治疗的长期效果更佳,联合组中位PFS长达9.5个月,中位生存期(OS)长达22个月。贝伐珠单抗和阿帕替尼均属于抗血管生成药物,但国外一项针对贝伐珠单抗联合cTACE治疗不可切除HCC的随机双盲Ⅱ期试验[7]结果显示,两者联合方案未能延长患者的OS,且有患者出现了严重的败血症和血管不良反应。故不推荐贝伐珠单抗联合cTACE治疗晚期HCC患者。然而小剂量贝伐珠单抗经局部动脉灌注治疗被证实对HCC患者有效且可促进其血管正常化,不良反应可控[8]。

1.2TACE联合免疫治疗国外有学者[9]报道TACE联合程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)抑制剂对中晚期HCC患者也具有良好的疗效。年轻、疾病处于中期或多个病灶的肝癌患者应用TACE联合纳武利尤单抗效果更佳,且3级以上不良反应更少[10]。然而HCC患者病因不同应用PD-1抑制剂效果也大相径庭。非病毒因素相比病毒因素所致HCC患者的疗效更差,尤其是非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)患者相关的HCC[11]。原因可能是NASH患者CD8+T淋巴细胞功能受损,从而导致肿瘤免疫逃逸。因此,对于非病毒因素尤其是NASH-HCC患者不建議联合免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICI)治疗。此外,有关TACE联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)及ICI治疗中晚期HCC患者的研究也逐渐增多。部分研究[12-14]结果显示三者联合治疗方案的客观缓解率(ORR)、疾病控制率(DCR)、PFS相比二者联合治疗方案均更高,总体不良事件发生在可控范围内,但也有少数研究[15]未得出阳性结论。其结果差异的原因可能是研究人群的选择及研究方法、随访时间不一致。2HAIC联合系统治疗经肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)是将化疗药物直接运送至肿瘤供血血管内,从而提高肝内局部化疗药的血药浓度,减少其全身毒性[16]。

2.1HAIC联合靶向治疗对于合并门静脉癌栓的HCC患者,HAIC疗效优于TACE且不良反应更小。一项前瞻性多中心的随机对照研究[17]对HCC合并门静脉癌栓的患者采用FOLFOX-HAIC(奥沙利铂+氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙)联合索拉非尼的方案,结果显示联合组相比索拉非尼单药组有更高的ORR(mRECIST标准客观缓解率:54.4% vs 5.7%,P<0.001)和更长的中位PFS(13.37个月 vs 7.13个月,P<0.001),且总体的安全性良好。另一项研究[18]发现AFP在HAIC治疗后第一周期下降越明显提示患者预后越好。因此,对于应用HAIC的HCC合并门静脉癌栓患者,若在治疗过程中AFP下降不明显,及时加入靶向药物可能使患者获益更多。

2.2HAIC联合免疫治疗HAIC联合免疫治疗也具有较好的疗效和安全性。一项纳入229例晚期HCC患者的回顾性研究[19]显示,与HAIC单独治疗方案相比,HAIC联合PD-1抑制剂治疗方案明显提高了晚期HCC患者的中位OS(18个月 vs 14.6个月,P<0.05)和中位PFS(10个月 vs 5.6个月,P<0.01),而且获得了更高的DCR(82.7% vs 65.5%,P<0.01)和肝内缓解率(85.2% vs 73.6%,P<0.05)。但是对于影像学检查提示腹部肌肉脂肪变性严重的HCC人群应用HAIC联合PD-1抑制剂治疗效果不佳[20],其原因可能是腹部肌肉脂肪变性严重的患者机体一般状况较差,且体型相对较胖,因此对PD-1抑制剂反应不佳。此外,国内有学者[21]对FOLFOX-HAIC联合TKI及PD-1抑制剂治疗晚期HCC患者进行了真实事件研究,结果显示27例晚期HCC患者的PFS达10.6个月,且ORR和DCR分别达63.0%和92.6%,另一项纳入248例HCC患者的多中心研究[22]表明,FOLFOX-HAIC、TKI及PD-1抑制剂三联组治疗不可切除HCC患者的PFS和OS均高于TKI联合PD-1抑制剂二联组,但结果显示Child-Pugh B级、肿瘤病灶数≥3个是预后不佳的独立危险因素,提示该联合治疗方案对于基础肝功能不佳伴多个病灶的HCC患者获益不明显。

3消融联合系统治疗消融在临床上分为物理消融和化学消融,前者主要指射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)、微波消融、冷冻消融,后者主要指经皮无水酒精注射消融。消融可以增加肿瘤抗原的表达和促炎因子的释放,刺激机体局部的免疫反应,进而增强抗肿瘤效应[23]。但消融的缺点是不能预防肿瘤的复发,而系统治疗可以减少肿瘤的复发率,因此,在消融的基础上联合系统治疗可能会达到相辅相成的效果。

3.1消融联合靶向治疗目前已有多项临床研究表明消融联合靶向药物治疗的方案能显著降低HCC患者的复发率及延长HCC患者的生存期。Kan等[24]对肿瘤直径为3~5 cm的62例HCC患者随访4年,结果提示索拉非尼联合RFA联合治疗组的复发率明显低于单一RFA治疗组(56.7% vs 87.5%,P<0.01),且疾病进展时间明显长于单一治疗组(17个月 vs 6.1个月,P<0.01)。同样是随访4年时间,STROM研究得出的结论截然不同[25]。该研究随机把900例肝切除术后和214例消融术后的HCC患者分到索拉非尼组和安慰剂組中,结果显示索拉非尼联合组的中位复发时间为33.3个月,安慰剂组为33.7个月(P=0.26),提示消融联合索拉非尼治疗未给患者带来明显获益。但是该研究患者索拉非尼平均剂量为578 mg,低于标准剂量800 mg,剂量不足可能进一步促进阴性结论的出现。将来也可以联合作用于其他靶点,如FGFR、RET、RAF等靶向药作进一步的研究。

3.2消融联合免疫治疗近年来,有关消融联合免疫治疗的研究也逐渐增多。Duffy等[26]纳入32例晚期HCC患者,治疗方案为消融联合替西木单抗,最终这些患者获得了12.3个月的中位OS、57.1%的半年PFS和33.1%的1年PFS。此外,国内一项回顾性研究[27]显示,对于复发性HCC患者,RFA联合免疫治疗较单一应用RFA的抗肿瘤效果更强且肿瘤的再复发率更低,且仅有12.8%的患者出现3级以上的免疫相关不良反应。为进一步减少应用免疫治疗出现的严重不良反应及增强抗肿瘤疗效,微波治疗同时或治疗后在瘤内局部注射免疫药物治疗可能是一种较好的方案,但是如何确定药物剂量及给药间隔时间需更多的研究进一步探索。

4放射治疗联合系统治疗

放射治疗分为外放射治疗和内放射治疗,前者主要包括立体定向放疗、三维适形放疗、图像引导放疗等,后者主要包括经肝动脉放疗栓塞(transarterial radioembolization,TARE)。

4.1放疗联合靶向治疗目前,放疗联合索拉非尼方案对中晚期HCC患者的疗效和安全性仍有争议。一项纳入347例中晚期HCC患者的回顾性研究[28]结果显示,与单一放疗组相比,放疗联合索拉非尼组的中位OS未见明显延长(9.9 个月 vs 9.6 个月,P>0.05),不良反应事件的发生率无明显差异。此外,一项纳入9项研究共计632例中晚期HCC患者的Meta分析[29]结果显示,TARE 联合索拉非尼组与单一TARE组相比,患者的OS及PFS也均无差异,其结果提示放疗联合索拉非尼治疗方案目前未给中晚期HCC患者带来明显获益。但对于合并门静脉癌栓的晚期HCC人群,放疗联合索拉非尼方案的疗效和安全性被多项研究[30-31]认可。 因此,对于未合并门静脉癌栓的中晚期HCC患者不宜选用TARE联合索拉非尼方案,反之,可考虑使用。

4.2放疗联合免疫治疗既往研究[32]表明放疗可导致免疫原性细胞死亡和细胞应激,进而使肿瘤相关抗原暴露的机会增多。因此,针对以上机制,放疗联合免疫治疗的研究逐渐增多。有学者[33]对5例中晚期HCC患者采用立体定向放疗联合纳武利尤单抗治疗进行了随访,结果显示2例患者获得了完全缓解,3例患者获得了部分缓解。另一项研究[34]旨在分析TARE联合PD-1抑制剂治疗中晚期HCC的有效性和安全性,结果显示患者的中位OS高达17.2个月,PFS高达5.7个月,且相关毒副作用是可控的。国外有学者[35]发现对于中晚期HCC患者先采用外放疗或应用外放疗的同时联合免疫治疗可明显提高患者的PFS和OS。因此,对于采用放疗联合免疫治疗的HCC患者,应注意治疗的顺序。

5小結与展望

与西方国家不同,我国HCC病因多为HBV感染,且多数患者合并肝硬化,肝功能较差,手术机会小,因此,非手术治疗成为主要的治疗方法。单独的局部治疗或系统治疗均具有明显的局限性,但两者联合方案已被部分研究证实能使中晚期HCC患者获益更多且毒副作用可控。然而,一线和二线靶向药和ICI种类很多,药物如何搭配及如何合理有效地对局部和系统治疗进行最优排列组合,仍需更多的研究和临床实践来进一步明确。

利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。作者贡献声明:曹白露负责起草文稿;艾敏负责修改文稿;黄平负责批判性审阅文稿;杨永峰负责构思与指导写作。

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收稿日期:2022-11-08;錄用日期:2022-12-12

本文编辑:林姣

引证本文:CAO BL, AI M, HUANG P, et al. Research advances in local treatment combined with systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(8): 1972-1976.

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