其七 姚欣 杨国栋 秦建平
摘要:肝性脑病(HE)是经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术后常见的并发症之一,影响HE发生的因素复杂,且发病机制尚不十分清楚,如何减少TIPS术后HE的发生,一直是临床关注的问题。有关TIPS操作对术后HE影响方面的研究,国内外均有相关报道,对研究的结果,有些可达成共识意见,有些还存在分歧。本文拟对TIPS术中穿刺门静脉左或右支分流、选择不同内径球囊扩张通道及门静脉压力梯度降低程度等因素对术后HE影响进行综述,为优化TIPS操作,减少术后HE发生提供参考依据。关键词:门体分流术, 经颈静脉肝内; 肝性脑病; 肝硬化; 门静脉高压基金项目:原成都军区总医院基金项目(2013YG-B009)
Research advances in the influence of intraoperative factors during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on the development of hepatic encephalopathy
QI Qi YAO Xin YANG Guodong QIN Jianping(1. Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Chengdu 610083, China; 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China)
Corresponding author:QIN Jianping, jpqqing@163.com (ORCID: 0000-0001-7834-8830)
Abstract:Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the common complications after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), with complex influencing factors and an unknown pathogenesis, and how to reduce HE after TIPS has always been a clinical concern. There are reports on the influence of TIPS on postoperative HE both in China and globally, and a consensus has been reached on some of the research results, while there are still controversies over other results. This article reviews the influencing factors for postoperative HE, such as puncture of the left or right portal vein shunt during TIPS, balloon dilatation channels with different inner diameters, and the degree of reduction in hepatic venous pressure gradient, so as to provide a reference for optimizing the operation of TIPS and reducing the onset of postoperative HE.
Key words:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Liver Cirrhosis; Portal Hypertension
Research funding:Primal Chengdu Military General Hospital Fund Project(2013YG-B009)
經颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)是治疗各种病因导致的肝硬化门静脉高压并发症的微创介入手术, 随着操作技术不断成熟改进及材料尤其是支架的改良, 其临床疗效得到明显提高,并发症发生明显减少且症状减轻,已在临床广泛推广应用[1-2]。目前国内临床关注的TIPS术后常见并发症仍是支架功能障碍和肝性脑病(HE),但随着TIPS专用支架(Viatorr支架)在国内临床逐步推广应用,支架功能障碍的问题已基本得到解决,术后HE的发生率明显下降、症状减轻[3]。为了进一步减少并发症的发生尤其是HE,研究者们除加强TIPS患者围手术期的防治外,也研究了术中操作因素对HE的影响。有关TIPS操作对术后HE的影响,国内外均有相关文献报道[4-7],对研究的结果,有些可达成共识意见,有些还存在分歧。本文拟对TIPS术中穿刺门静脉左或右支分流、选择不同内径球囊扩张通道及门静脉压力梯度降低程度等因素对术后HE影响进行综述,为优化TIPS操作, 降低术后HE发生提供参考依据。
1TIPS相关HE的概念及分型
TIPS相关HE[8]是TIPS术后以门静脉-体循环分流异常所致的、代谢紊乱为基础的、并排除其他已知脑病的中枢神经系统功能失调综合征。第11届世界胃肠病大会[9](根据病因不同将HE分为A、B、C型),把在慢性肝病、肝硬化伴门静脉-体循环分流的基础上发生的HE分为C型,也是国内外最常见的类型。该类HE往往具有潜在的可逆性。美国胃肠病学会实践标准委员会[10]进一步提出West-Haven 分级,根据病情严重程度分为0~4级,该分级方法目前应用最广泛。因0、1级难以区分,国际肝性脑病和氮代谢学会[11]根据有无定向障碍及扑翼样震颤提出SONIC分级,即隐匿性肝性脑病(cover hepatic encephalopathy,CHE)和显性肝性脑病(overt hepatic encephalopathy,OHE),其中CHE定义为有神经心理学和/或神经生理学异常但无定向障碍、无扑翼样震颤的肝硬化患者。TIPS术后HE的发病机制迄今尚不完全清楚,目前普遍认为是多种因素共同作用的结果[3,12],而术中建立肝-门静脉分流道可能为肝硬化患者术后出现HE提供了病理基础,相关操作对术后HE发生的影响值得临床关注。
2TIPS操作对HE的影响
2.1TIPS术中在门静脉左或右支建立分流道对术后HE的影响2019年版中国门静脉高压经颈静脉肝内门体分流术临床实践指南[3]推荐应用Viatorr支架,术中栓塞自发性门体分流及曲张静脉,及从门静脉左支建立分流道等措施可以降低TIPS术后HE的发生率。有研究[13]认为自脾脏和肠系膜上静脉的回流血液没有完全混合,分别进入门静脉的左右分支,右支主要接受肠系膜上静脉血,左支主要接受脾靜脉血,因此穿刺门静脉左支分流后进入体循环的血氨水平较穿刺右支低。还有研究[14]基于二氧化碳的孔隙造影法:使用碘造影剂替代传统成像的造影方法,该研究纳入慢性肝病患者经皮经肝穿刺门静脉,并置管于脾静脉,采用机械注射系统,以总量30 mL、5 mL/s的速度注射显影剂,出现了门静脉主干左右血液混合差异的情况。基于上述观点,目前国内部分介入医生在手术操作时会选择门静脉左支作为穿刺靶点建立分流道。然而,在2015年10月Viatorr支架进入中国市场以前,国内的TIPS手术主要采用Fluency覆膜支架建立分流道,由于该支架支撑力及轴向弹性张力强,若术中支架在肝静脉端释放位置过低或未在门静脉端留够长度,均会导致“盖帽”引起支架功能障碍。该支架分流的血液来自门静脉主干,其术后HE的发生与穿刺靶点的位置(门静脉左支或右支)是否相关值得商榷。此外,国内外对于肝硬化门静脉高压患者脾静脉和肠系膜血流在门静脉主干汇集后,存在血流左、右分层的情况也还存在争议[15]。国外早有研究[16]认为肝硬化因肝血窦闭塞,窦周纤维化,门静脉循环受阻,导致门静脉压力增高,继之入肝血流减少、血流速度减慢,肝功能分级与门静脉流速有关,肝损伤越明显,门静脉流速越低。在内脏高动力循环状态下,门静脉流速进行性减低提示肝实质病变程度的加重和门静脉血流阻力的增加。虽然笔者团队在TIPS术中通过高压注射系统进行造影时同样观察到了门静脉左、右支存在分层的现象,但并不能以此来推断自然状态下肝硬化患者门静脉血流动力学状态,同时肝硬化门静脉高压患者脾静脉和肠系膜血流在门静脉主干汇集后流速减慢,在自身状态下要达到血流左右分层,需要界定门静脉主干在血流汇集后是否存在两种不同的血流速度,目前尚无相关报道。2020年国内研究[17]收集120例采用Viatorr支架行TIPS治疗的肝硬化门静脉高压患者资料,术中门静脉造影显示,52例患者从门静脉左支建立分流道,68例患者从门静脉右支建立分流道,门静脉左支分流组与右支分流组比较,术后HE发生率的差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.159,P=0.69)。2020年国内另一研究[18]纳入15例乙型肝炎肝硬化伴上消化道出血行TIPS治疗的患者,术中分别采集门静脉左支、右支及主干的血液,其血浆氨分别为:左支(96.4±17.6) μmol/L、右支(113.5±18.4) μmol/L、主干(106.9±38.7) μmol/L,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。该研究为肝硬化门静脉左右支血液细菌代谢产物的比较提供了重要证据。
总之,目前TIPS术中在不同门静脉分支建立分流道对术后HE的发生是否产生影响还存在争议[18],在没有充分依据的状况下,从该项技术的长远发展来看,如果一味选择门静脉左支作为穿刺靶点,会增加术中的技术难度,不利于该项技术的推广应用。此外肝硬化患者普遍存在肝裂隙增宽,门静脉左支邻近分叉局部可能裸露在肝实质之外,术中穿刺门静脉左支可能增加腹腔出血的风险。
2.2TIPS术中置入不同内径支架对术后HE的影响
门静脉主要接受含氨丰富的肠系膜上静脉血液回流,因此支架直径越大,门体分流血液量越多,体循环血液中血氨水平越高,术后HE 发生率越大[13]。Teng等[19]研究发现对病毒性肝硬化失代偿期患者的生存率而言,金属覆膜支架显著高于裸支架(P<0.000 1);金属覆膜支架亚组分析中发现,不同支架直径影响HE的发生率,6 mm支架的HE发生率明显低于7 mm及8 mm支架(6.4% vs 37.6% vs 45.7%,P<0.01)。Wang等[20]认为,同10 mm的支架相比,8 mm的覆盖支架不但不会损害分流的功能,还会降低HE发生率。随后相关研究[7]也证实了这一点。研究[21]表明,门体分流支架直径大于8 mm是术后发生HE的独立危险因素,并且支架尺寸大小与术后HE发生风险高低呈正相关。然而,选用大直径的支架,势必增加分流道的血流量,减少门静脉对肝组织的灌注,肝功能可能受到影响[22]。研究[23]表明目前采用8 mm内径的支架分流,既能有效减压,也不会影响肝硬化门静脉高压患者术后的肝脏储备功能,HE的发生可能与患者术前肝脏储备功能较差有关。也有研究[24]认为分流支架从小直径缓慢扩张至8 mm能够更加有效地缓解患者门静脉高压,降低术后HE的发生率。本中心前期研究[22-23,25]表明,控制支架内径可显著降低HE的发生率,应用8 mm内径的Viatorr支架建立分流道效果更佳,其门静脉的裸支架区可以保障门静脉血流通畅,避免更多的未经肝代谢的血液直接进入体循环。随着可调控内径支架应用于临床,临床操作者可根据不同肝硬化患者的治疗目标和需求选择置入支架内径的大小。
2.3TIPS术中门静脉压力梯度变化对术后HE的影响TIPS术后HE发生可能与分流血液量及门静脉压力梯度相关,这与支架直径大小相关[26],支架直径越大,门静脉压力梯度下降越明显。Yao等[27]认为发现门静脉压力梯度是TIPS术后HE发生的一个重要因素。研究[28]表明,TIPS术后门静脉压力降低越多,对肝硬化患者门静脉高压并发症的疗效越好,但HE发生风险增高。TIPS术后门静脉压力梯度每降低1 mmHg,TIPS术后HE的发生概率会增加1.2倍[29]。最近的EASL指南[30]虽然不建议TIPS支架小到6 mm,但认为控制支架的内径,控制门静脉压力梯度的变化,可以减少TIPS术后HE的发生。目前TIPS公认的治疗标准是术后门静脉压力梯度下降至12 mmHg以下,或基线水平的50%以下[31]。国外研究[32]认为门静脉压力梯度下降至10 mmHg以下,可以明显增加术后HE的发生,为避免HE的发生,使用直径6 mm覆膜支架,并通过添加普萘洛尔弥补门静脉压力梯度下降的“不足”可以获得满意疗效。由于国内外肝硬化的病因存在差异,肝脏的大小也不相同,最近的研究[23]表明采用8 mm内径Viatorr支架建立分流道,在基线一致的情况下门静脉压力梯度下降至12 mmHg或基线50%以下,不同病因肝硬化患者HE的发生率存在差异,乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者术后HE的发生率低于酒精性肝硬化患者及原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者。笔者认为HE的发生可能与TIPS 术后肝脏储备功能的变化有关,其原因除围手术期的治疗外,还应考虑与后续的病因治疗及患者管理相关。目前国内并未制订适合国人的TIPS门静脉压力梯度的治疗标准,合理控制TIPS分流后的门静脉压力梯度,个体化选择,可能是未来研究的一个方向。
3结语及展望
美国及北美TIPS指南[33-34]并无在门静脉不同分支建立分流道术后HE发生存在差异的评述,根据目前国内有关研究结果看,笔者团队认为在门静脉不同分支建立分流通道对术后HE有影响的结论尚存争议,仍需进一步深入研究。目前普遍认为用8 mm内径支架治疗肝硬化门静脉高压患者,不仅能达到理想的分流效果,术后HE发生率较采用10 mm内径建立分流道的患者明显降低,但对于老年肝硬化患者及肝脏储备功能差的肝硬化患者如何选择合适内径支架建立分流通道,随着可控内径支架逐渐应用于临床,有待进一步研究。支架内径大小与门静脉压力梯度变化呈正相关,由于国内外肝硬化的病因存在差异[35],如何根据患者的情况选择相应内径的支架,合理控制TIPS分流后门静脉压力梯度,减少TIPS术后HE的发生,值得未来继续探索,同时也期待新的抗HBV药物能更好地改善乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的病因治疗,让更多乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后获得Baveno Ⅶ标准定义的肝硬化“再代偿”[31]。由于HE的發病机制复杂,与临床操作、术后患者管理等诸多因素有关,未来的研究还需要更大的样本量和多中心随机对照试验。
利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。作者贡献声明:其七负责收集文献,论文撰写;姚欣负责收集文献,参与论文撰写;杨国栋负责论文分析及修改;秦建平负责立题,拟定写作思路,论文修改及最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2022-11-04;錄用日期:2022-12-05
本文编辑:王莹
引证本文:QI Q, YAO X, YANG GD, et al. Research advances in the influence of intraoperative factors during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on the development of hepatic encephalopathy[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(8): 1966-1971.