王玲
it 是一个十分常见的单词。它看似简单,但用法极为灵活。对此,笔者就it的用法进行了剖析,以期对同学们有所帮助。
一、用作人称代词
1.指代前面提及的同一东西或双方都知道的某件事。例如:
Many people have been to West Lake. It is such a beautiful place.
许多人去过西湖,它真的是一个非常美丽的地方。(指代“西湖”)
I m busy today. Let s talk about it some other day.
今天没空儿,我们改日再谈它吧。(指代双方都知道的“事”)
2.指代性别不明的婴儿或身份不明的人。例如:
My sister s baby is eight months old. It is very cute.
我姐姐家的孩子八个月大了,小家伙十分可爱。(指代性别不明的婴儿)
Someone knocked at the door this morn- ing, but I don t know who it is.
今天早上有人在敲门,但我不知它是谁。(指代身份不明的人)
二、用作非人称代词
it用作非人称代词时,主要表示天气、时间、日期、季节、温度、距离、环境、价格等无生命的抽象事物。例如:
Don t forget your umbrella. It is raining outside.
别忘了带上雨伞,外面正在下雨。(表示“天气”)
It is half past twelve now.
现在十二点半了。(表示“时间”)
Please turn on the lights, it is too dark here.
请打开灯,这里太暗了。(表示“环境”)
How far is it from your home to your school? It is about five-minutes walk.
从你家到学校有多远?大约走五分钟的路程。(表示“距离”)
三、用作形式主语或宾语
当动词不定式、动名词或从句用作主语时,句首常用it作形式主语,真正的逻辑主语则置于谓语之后。常见的句型有:It takes sb. some time todosth.;It is +形容词+(of/for sb.)to do sth.;It is +形容词/名词+that 从句等。例如:
It takes me three days to draw the picture.
我花了三天时间画这张画。(it为形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式短语。)
It is a pity that you missed the wonderful basketball match.
很遗憾你错过了这次精彩的篮球比 赛。(it为形式主语,真正的主语是that从句。)
当动词不定式、动名词短语或从句用作宾语,且其后又有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,并置于宾语补足语之前,而真正的宾语则放在句末。常见结构是:主语+动词(find/make/feel/think/believe)+it+宾语补足语+不定式或动名词或从句。例如:
We think it no good learning without practice.
我们认为学而不用是没有好处的。(it为形式宾语,真正的宾语是动名词。)
Tom didn t make it clear where he came from.
汤姆没有说清楚自己来自哪里。(it为形式宾语,真正的宾语是where从句。)
此外,it 还可以用于强调句,构成“It is/ was+被强调部分+that +其他”这一强调结构。需注意的是,若被强调的部分是人,且用作主语时,可用who替代that;若被强调的部分是人,且用作賓语时,可用 whom 替代 that 。例如:
I bought some beef in the supermarket yesterday morning.
我昨天早上在超市买了一些牛肉。
→It was I who/that bought some beef in the supermarket yesterday morning.(强调主语)
→It was some beef that I bought in the supermarket yesterday morning.(强调宾语)
→It was yesterday morning that I bought some beef in the supermarket.(强调时间状语)
→It was in the supermarket that I bought some beef yesterday morning .(强调地点状语)
总之,同学们要注意总结it的用法,熟记 it的常见句型和固定搭配,以便能够准确运用。