杨婷,林清然
·科研综述·
心脏康复在经导管主动脉瓣置换术病人中的应用研究进展
杨婷,林清然*
暨南大学护理学院,广东 510632
主要对经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)病人术前预康复、术后早期康复、居家长期康复等方面进行综述,旨为我国行经导管主动脉瓣置换术病人的心脏康复方案提供参考。
经导管主动脉瓣置换术;心脏康复;主动脉瓣狭窄;综述
主动脉瓣狭窄(aortic stenosis,AS)是一种因瓣膜钙化、先天畸形、风湿性心脏病等病变引起的心脏瓣膜病,其发病率随年龄增长而增高,75岁以上老年人发病率达12.4%[1]。传统的有效治疗方法是行外科主动脉瓣置换术(surgical aortic valve replacement,SAVR),但仍有近30%的病人因存在外科手术禁忌等原因,无法得到有效救治[2]。经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR)的成功开展为AS病人带来希望,大型随机对照试验发现,TAVR术后1年的全因死亡率不少于SAVR[3]。随着人工瓣膜更新和手术适应证放宽,接受TAVR治疗的病人群体不断扩大,TAVR组在1年或2年主要终点事件如死亡、脑卒中、再入院等发生率显著低于SAVR组[4⁃5]。但TAVR病人通常更高龄、一般状况较差且伴随合并疾病,这些因素都会对病人预后产生不良影响。心脏康复(cardiac rehabilitation,CR)是为慢性心血管疾病或急性事件后的病人提供最佳心理和身体支持,以延缓疾病进展、预防心血管事件再发的一系列综合措施[6]。目前,针对TAVR病人的心脏康复尚未有统一的标准和方案,因此,本研究对TAVR病人已实践的心脏康复方案进行综述,为临床提供参考。
心脏手术后结构化康复计划已被证明能有效降低心血管死亡率、减少再入院并提高生活质量[7]。而接受TAVR治疗的病人多高龄且合并多器官疾病,术前往往伴随着虚弱、营养不良、功能状态低下,这些复杂因素给TAVR病人的心脏康复带来更大挑战。一项大型队列研究表示,虚弱状态是TAVR或SAVR病人术后1年死亡率和致残的独立危险因素[8]。有研究发现,TAVR病人术前的虚弱状态影响术后并发症和运动能力等[9]。同时,虚弱病人因整体功能状态较差,能够参加和完成术后康复计划的比例也更少,而以功能锻炼为基础的康复在逆转和降低虚弱老年人功能进一步下降方面被证明有效[10],研究者开始思考能否在TAVR术前采取预防性措施,早期识别危险因素并加以治疗,从而优化术后结局。心脏预康复借鉴术后康复策略,对等待心脏手术病人采取主动、预防性康复措施,目的是优化病人术前风险因素,降低术后并发症发生率及严重程度[11]。Arthur等[12]首次进行心脏预康复试验,虽未明显改善病人健康状态,但干预组重症监护病房及总住院时间更短,术后6个月生活质量更高。越来越多证据表明,高危和虚弱的心脏病病人可能受益于心脏和胸外科手术前的预防性康复策略[11,13⁃15]。Waite等[16]对行冠状动脉旁路移植术或TAVR手术病人进行6周居家术前康复试点研究,结果显示病人的虚弱指数、6 min步行试验距离和速度得到明显改善。针对等待手术病人可能出现的虚弱、紧张,有研究提出“NEW”预康复计划[17],包括侧重围术期高蛋白补充的营养优化(nutrition)、术前运动训练以维持基线体能(exercise)、以减轻焦虑为目标的积极心理干预(worry),较为全面地从营养、运动和心理处方提高病人整体的术前状态。Sawatzky等[18]在一项以医院康复中心为基础的小型研究中报告,参加术前康复计划的病人100%愿意继续参加术后康复锻炼,而普通护理组这一比例是43%。Waite等[16]研究中也有类似发现,即预康复使病人对术后康复的依从性增加。心脏预康复方案被证明是安全可行的,且高龄、虚弱病人更能从预康复中获益。但专门针对TAVR的预康复方案较少,且大多数为观察性、可行性较高的试验,研究对象通常未纳入TAVR中典型的高龄高危、虚弱病人,未来仍需要更多随机对照研究验证预康复效果。
目前,有两项TAVR的多中心预康复注册研究备受瞩目。一项是美国TAVR⁃Prehab试验(NCT03107897),干预组术前给予物理康复治疗8~12次,首要监测指标是6 min步行试验衡量功能性运动能力,旨在评估TAVR术前的预康复策略能否改善围术期结果。另一项是加拿大PERFORM⁃TAVR试验(NCT03522454),拟纳入220例虚弱、年龄≥70岁的TAVR病人,随机进行分配接受多维度干预,包括家庭锻炼计划、口服营养补充剂、符合现行美国心脏协会指南的标准生活方式咨询等措施。该试验首要监测指标是术后3个月短物理性能电池(short physical performance battery,SPPB),一项高度标准化的老年人身体功能测试,包括平衡、步态、力量和耐力测试[19]。这一研究将为接受TAVR治疗的典型高龄、虚弱病人提供更高质量的数据参考和预康复策略依据。2021年德国Weber等[20]开展的“4P⁃TAVR”研究中,将108例高龄的TAVR病人随机分组,干预组在术前至少2周每天接受个性化的不卧床理疗锻炼(包括吸气肌训练4次,每次5 min,不超过主观疲惫阈值的步行≥30 min),术后当晚开始加强护理,在理疗师监督下个体化理疗2次,每次30 min,直至出院,随访90 d后肺炎发病率降低了75%,吸气肌功能明显改善且住院时间缩短。目前的预康复试验多针对择期手术病人,对于需紧急或尽快住院治疗的TAVR病人来说,可借鉴的术前预康复策略较为有限。但是,前期开展的营养改善、睡眠策略、积极心理干预等术前优化措施对这类病人仍具有一定参考价值[11]。
加拿大一项研究发现,未采取康复措施的TAVR病人中有1/3运动能力无明显改善,而运动能力变化与预后显著相关,无明显运动能力改善是全因死亡率、心血管死亡以及再入院的独立危险因素[21]。此外,一项术后随访3年的队列研究指出,至少有30%的老年TAVR病人术后出现了医院获得性功能下降,即在住院期间新出现或恶化的功能状态下降,造成病人中期全因死亡风险增加[22];但这种功能下降与术前功能状态和虚弱程度无明显相关,而被认为是医院诱发的易感性及住院期间缺乏体力活动的结果。以运动为基础的心脏康复能够提高病人术后的功能状态及生活质量[23],在身体条件允许情况下,TAVR病人术后应尽早开始康复锻炼,运动能力越弱的病人越有康复的必要。
2.1增强运动耐量和功能独立性早期心脏康复使TAVR病人的运动耐量及功能独立性显著提高。一项纳入5个较高质量随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,早期心脏康复后TAVR病人的运动耐量、最大运动量和功能独立性等得到显著改善[24]。有学者在常规心脏康复基础上对瓣膜手术和介入病人制定额外的阻力和平衡训练,结果显示基于运动的心脏康复有效改善了病人术后短期、中期的功能和运动能力、体能和肌肉力量,并降低术后虚弱水平[25]。有研究基于综合老年评估(CGA)对TAVR病人开展心脏康复,病人功能状态如自理能力、虚弱、认知功能和营养状况等也均有所改善[26]。Sola等[27]将加速康复路径应用于TAVR病人,采取术前针对性教育、多模式非阿片类药物止痛、标准化术中麻醉管理和术后管道管理等措施,同时鼓励经股动脉入路后6 h或非经股入路(经主动脉、经心尖、胸骨上、锁骨下)后3 h早期下床活动。Pressler等[28]研究中康复方案对高龄、虚弱的病人可能会提供更大参考,同时研究较详细介绍了康复具体内容,干预组第1周进行2次中等强度的自行车耐力训练,第2周~第8周每周3次,从20 min 40% 峰值负荷摄氧量(VO2peak)开始,到第8周逐渐增加至45 min 70%VO2peak;阻力训练从第2周开始,和每周的第2次耐力训练同时段进行,利用5种不同机器(卧推、划船、肩压、下拉、腿压),强度从1组10次重复,1次重复最大值(1⁃RM)的30%,逐渐增加到3组15次重复(1⁃RM的50%~60%)。该试验印证了心脏康复对于80岁以上高危TAVR病人的功能状况改善同样安全有效[29],但由于纳入样本量较少,其结果能否推广到TAVR病人群体,还需要大型随机对照试验不断验证。
2.2提高生活质量,减轻负面情绪对于高龄虚弱、合并多种疾病的老年病人来说,他们选择接受TAVR这一类成本和风险较高的心脏手术,除了希望生存年限获益之外,往往同样重视术后的生存质量。多项观察性研究和小样本的随机对照研究表明,术后早期康复锻炼不仅提高了病人健康相关的生活质量,也能有效改善焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪[30⁃32]。Jafri等[30]对行二尖瓣和主动脉瓣手术病人的前瞻性研究发现,早期心脏康复后病人心理健康水平得到改善,抑郁评分(PHQ⁃9)和焦虑评分(GAD⁃7)较术前降低,总体生活质量评分(COOP)较术前提高。Völler等[31]康复方案则为病人提供了个性化心理支持如压力管理、太极和渐进式肌肉放松等;Eichler等[32]通过多学科心脏康复计划,给予病人健康教育、饮食咨询、心理支持、风险因素管理及康复锻炼等个性化培训内容,病人身体维度(PCS)和心理维度(MCS)的生活质量得分提高2.5分和3.4分,焦虑评分下降1.2分。Bellmann等[6]研究显示,与同年龄段男性相比,接受TAVR治疗的女性在心脏康复初期的身体损害和抑郁症状比男性更为明显,未来研究可以将男性和女性不同的康复需求和目标纳入考虑,以提供个性化康复服务。
2.3获得更高存活率早期心脏康复可以降低TAVR病人术后6个月的全因死亡率。Butter等[33]在一项纵向队列研究中对1 017例择期TAVR病人均提供了心脏康复计划,但有36%的病人拒绝参与(大多数拒绝参与的病人强调其家庭环境的优势或特殊生活状况,还有往返时间、成本等原因);与拒绝参与的病人相比,接受体育锻炼和心理社会训练的心脏康复病人术后6个月总体存活率更高,且主要原因是非心血管死亡率的降低,此与Ussia等[34]研究结论一致。早期心脏康复或许可以在识别和治疗非心血管危险因素方面发挥作用,降低术后短期死亡率。未来研究也可以将病人拒绝参与心脏康复的生理、心理社会等原因纳入探讨,Imran等[35]发现,病人拒绝心脏康复与内科疾病、功能限制或对康复计划不感兴趣等有关,以增加病人参与度。同时不断调整心脏康复方案组成,促进以健康为导向、非心血管健康恢复的心脏康复方案。
2.4心脏康复衍生的预测参数目前对TAVR病人预后的预测通常基于术前或手术期间的评估,如术前营养筛查和衰弱评估,术中血流动力学影响等[26,36],而心脏康复衍生的参数也展现出了预测病人预后的作用。Tarro Genta等[37⁃38]研究发现,术后低运动耐量和出院时伴随的严重残疾可以预测TAVR术后3年预后,肾功能受损具体表现为较高的血清肌酐水平,也是不良预后的独立预测因子。而Goel等[39]对TAVR病人步态速度分析发现,与基线和术后1年步速正常病人相比,无论病人在TAVR前步速正常或缓慢,TAVR术后1年步速变慢与死亡及再入院风险有关。提示研究者心脏康复中应不断识别和优化能够改变、与身体恢复力有关的因素,持续改善病人预后。
2.5持续性心脏康复效果目前,TAVR后心脏康复随访时间大多为半年到1年[25],更长时间的康复效益相关研究较为缺乏。Pressler等[28]通过8周的联合耐力和抗阻力运动训练证明早期心脏康复在改善病人运动能力、肌肉力量和生活质量等方面是安全有效的,但关于这种健康效益如何转化成长期效果尚不明确。为探究心脏康复术后长期效果,Pressler等[40]对该研究追踪随访24个月,结果显示虽然峰值负荷VO2peak没有按照预想提高,但无氧阈值氧耗量(VO2AT)得到长期改善。VO2AT和VO2peak在心力衰竭病人中被认为是全因死亡率的强预测指标[41],VO2AT被认为是摄氧效率更全面的标志,TAVR病人VO2AT表现的持续改善很可能促进日常生活活动能力的提高。随后有研究发现,在院心脏康复持续改善病人日常活动能力,但1年后呈下降趋势,且间隔时间越长临床表现越弱[42]。提示可以定期向TAVR病人提供心脏康复训练,或探索适合TAVR病人的长期居家康复方案,以维持长期、持续性的临床效益;同时帮助病人识别和克服康复锻炼中的常见障碍,促进病人养成规律运动习惯。
以家庭为基础的心脏康复在改善老年病人状态、生活质量等方面是可行的[43],对于因距离等原因无法参加医院或机构心脏康复的低风险TAVR病人来说,居家心脏康复或许是不错的替代方案。Snoek等[44]对拒绝心脏康复病人提供6个月的移动式心脏康复计划,通过远程监控和指导、激励性访谈刺激病人达到训练目标,随访1年后病人身体健康状况改善,VO2peak得到提高。Bhattal等[45]为居家TAVR病人制定个性化的力量、有氧和平衡训练并提供相关设备及健康教育,不仅消除了交通、成本等障碍,也帮助病人恢复身体机能。多样化的TAVR居家心脏康复也在积极尝试,虚拟现实技术[46]、家庭移动健康监护设备[47]等技术的不断融合,也为TAVR病人的居家长期康复方案提供了有价值的参考。
心脏康复是TAVR病人诊治的重要组成部分,应贯穿于整个TAVR围术期及长期管理。开展术前预康复、术后早期康复以及居家长期康复对于改善TAVR病人的临床状态、功能活动能力及生活质量等方面均有积极影响。在强调TAVR治疗和技术进步的同时,也应继续开展更多心脏康复方案的研究,为制定个体化、多样化的TAVR心脏康复方案提供更多依据。
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Research progress on the application of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement
YANGTing, LINQingran
College of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632 China
transcatheter aortic valve replacement; cardiac rehabilitation; aortic stenosis; review
LIN Qingran, E⁃mail: qingranlin@126.com
10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2023.03.022
杨婷,护士,硕士研究生在读
林清然,E⁃mail:qingranlin@126.com
杨婷,林清然.心脏康复在经导管主动脉瓣置换术病人中的应用研究进展[J].护理研究,2023,37(3):501⁃505.
(收稿日期:2022-03-14;修回日期:2023-01-18)
(本文编辑 苏琳)