谈自然保护地与城市景观有机更新

关于自然保护地：2021年，中国第一批5个国家公园正式设立，开启了中国国家公园发展的新历程。自1956年广东鼎湖山成立中国第一个自然保护区，至今中国的自然保护地已经历了60多年从无到有、从小到大、从单一到多样、从保护地到区域与国土生态安全屏障再到美丽中国的发展历程，基本形成了以自然保护区为主体，风景名胜区、森林公园、湿地公园以及地质公园等共同组成的自然保护地体系。但是，也存在着多头管理、交叉重叠、边界权属不清等问题，一定程度上制约了自然生态保护效能的发挥。2019年6月26日，中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅联合印发的《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的指导意见》指出，建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系。本期组织了专题1“自然保护地理论与实践”，系统梳理了国家公园的理论基础、管理模式与自然受益型经济发展；提出了基于生态系统服务权衡与协同分析的自然保护地交叉重叠问题的区划解决策略；阐述了监测大数据支撑的智慧决策支持系统与智慧管理在现代国家公园基础设施建设中的未来发展趋势；归纳了当前荒野保护包括对荒野地的保护和对不同用地荒野性的保护两个层面；总结了自然保护地整合优化的关键在于对现有自然资源空间管控的调整。

关于城市景观有机更新：景观治理（landscape governance）是国家治理中“空间治理”的重要一环。近年来，在建立文化自信，提升生态文明建设与推进的背景下，对景观地方性、文化性及生态性特征的重视，助推了国家景观治理能力的提升。目前景观治理尚需明确其定义，理论体系的建立，至少需要聚焦公园城市及景观治理有机更新的理论、方法与建设实践，形成中国特色的公园城市建设背景下城市景观的有机更新机制路径。宏观层面，需要建构包含城市绿地在内的城乡景观系统框架，对系统中的指标合理分配、用地效率提升、空间均匀布局等方面提出要求；中观层面，需要平衡绿地、分配落实指标，优化城市绿地分级增补机制，从等级划分、等级规划控制指标和等级规划管制等方面，研究其更新支撑技术；微观层面，以景观共享为价值导向，确立量化指标研究框架，分析社区共享景观绩效框架，建立绩效评价标准等。本期专题2“景观治理与有机更新”，旨在城市板块上，作些探索探讨，其文涵盖景观有机更新实践指导标准的建立；具有理论支撑和实践应用价值的景观有机更新与共享技术方法体系的构建；从延续城市肌理和地域景观脉络的角度，探讨景观有机更新机制以及再生实践技术；运用解构、活化、重组等景观更新方法，激发创造城市景观的空间活力。

主编

2022年11月10日

Nature Reserves and Organic Renewal of Urban Landscape

About nature reserves: in 2021, China’s first five national parks were officially established, marking a new journey in the development of China’s national parks.Since the establishment of China’s first nature reserve in 1956 in Dinghushan,Guangdong Province, China’s protected natural areas have experienced a development process of more than 60 years, from small to large, from single to diverse,from protected areas to regional and territorial ecological security barriers, and then to beautiful China.A nature reserve system consisting of scenic spots, forest parks,wetland parks and geological parks has basically formed, with nature reserves as the main body.However, there still exist some problems such as multiple management, overlapping and unclear border, which restrict the effectiveness of natural ecological protection to a certain extent.On June 26, 2019, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issuedThe Guidelines on Establishing a Natural Reserve System with National Parks as the Main Body, pointing out that a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body should be established.In Topic 1 of this issue, “Theory and Practice of Nature Reserves”, the theoretical basis, management model and natural economic development of national parks were systematically sorted out; A regionalization strategy based on ecosystem service trade-off and collaborative analysis was proposed to solve the overlapping problem of natural protected areas; The future development trend of intelligent decision support system and intelligent management supported by big data in modern national park infrastructure construction was expounded; The wilderness protection included the protection of wilderness land and the protection of wildness of different lands were summarized; The key to the integration and optimization of nature reserves was summarized.

About urban landscape organic renewal: the landscape governance is an important part of “spatial governance” in national governance.In recent years, under the background of building cultural confidence and promoting the construction and promotion of ecological civilization, the emphasis on landscape locality, culture and ecological characteristics has boosted the improvement of national landscape governance capacity.At present, the definition of landscape governance needs to be clearly defined.The establishment of the theoretical system at least needs to focus on the theory, method and construction practice of the organic renewal of park city and landscape governance, so as to form the mechanism path of organic renewal of urban landscape under the background of park city construction with Chinese characteristics.At the macro level, it is necessary to construct the framework of urban and rural landscape system including urban green space, and put forward requirements for the reasonable allocation of indicators, the improvement of land use efficiency and the uniform layout of space in the system; At the meso level, it is necessary to balance green space and distribution implementation index, optimize the classification and supplement mechanism of urban green space, and study its updating support technology from the aspects of grade division, grade planning control index and grade planning control; At the micro level, with landscape sharing as the value orientation, the research framework of quantitative indicators is established, the performance framework of community shared landscape is analyzed, and the performance evaluation criteria is established.Topic 2 of this issue, “Landscape Governance and Organic Renewal”, aims to explore the problem at the urban sector.The articles cover the establishment of practice guidelines for landscape organic renewal.Besides, the construction of landscape organic renewal and sharing technology method system with theoretical support and practical application value were discussed.From the perspective of extending the urban texture and regional landscape context, the organic landscape renewal mechanism and regeneration practice technology were discussed.The landscape renewal methods of deconstruction, activation and reorganization to stimulate the creation of urban landscape space vitality were also proposed.

Editor-in-Chief

November 10th, 2022