◎供稿:王静云
用作状语的从句叫作状语从句。状语从句用于修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。时间状语从句是指复合句中充当时间状语的句子,其关联词有before、after、when、while、as、since、till、until、as soon as 等。在这当中,学生容易混淆when 和while 的用法,而这两词又恰好是考试高频单词,所以明晰when与while 在引导时间状语从句时的用法异同至关重要。
1.when 和while 在引导时间状语从句时,它们既可放句首,也可放句中,都含有“当……时候”“与此同时”之意。例如:
When he was very young,Tan Dun showed an interest in music.很小的时候,谭盾就对音乐感兴趣。
I will call you when I’ m ready.我准备好就给你打电话。
While he was attending junior high,Spud tried out for the school team.在他上初中时,斯巴德参加了校队的选拔。
He always listens to the radio while he’ s driving to work.他开车上班途中总听广播。
2.在when和while引导的时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来时,简称“主将从现”,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,简称“主过从过”。例如:
When I get there,I’ ll ring you up.我到那儿后,给你打电话。(主将从现)
I’ ll ask him about it when he comes.他来时我要问他这件事。(主将从现)
He jumped up when the phone rang.电话铃响了,他猛地跳了起来。(主过从过)
Racing was halted for an hour while the track was repaired.修理赛道时,车赛中止了一个小时。(主过从过)
3.在when 和while 引导的时间状语从句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be 动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be 动词。例如:
When (she is) in trouble,she always asks for my help.当(她)遇到麻烦时,她总会寻求我的帮助。
He was fond of swimming when (he was) yet a child.他还是孩子时,就喜欢游泳。
He cut himself while (he was) shaving.他在刮胡子时刮伤了自己。
4.在when 和while 引导的时间状语从句中,当主句和从句的主语不一致,但是属于泛指意义的代词you 时,从句中的主语和be 动词也可省略。例如:
When (you are) in Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。
A good way to master English is to spend holidays in English speaking countries,and while (you are) there,talk to native speakers.掌握英语的一个好方法是在说英语的国家度假,当你在那里时,与英语母语人士多交谈。
5.在when 和while 引导的时间状语从句中,当从句和主句的主语不一致,但是从句主语和主句中的宾语一致时,从句中的主语和be 动词也可省略。例如:
He told me to remain silent when (I was) not asked.当(我)没有被问到时,他告诉我保持沉默。
She told her son not to talk while (he was) eating.她告诉她儿子在(他)吃饭时不要说话。
1.when 在引导时间状语从句作连词时,有下列几种意思:
(1)“当……时”,表示主句动作发生的特定时间点或者时间段。例如:
The days get longer when spring comes.春天到来时,白天时间长了。
When he finally got the chance,he scored 20 points in his first game.当他终于得到机会时,他在第一场比赛中就得了20 分。
When the weather is great,we like going picnic.天气好时,我们喜欢去野餐。
Amy was reading a book when I came in.当我进来时,艾米正在读书。
(2)“(某事发生于另一活动、事件或情形期间)在……的过程中”。例如:
When I met the Gills,I had been gardening for ten years.遇到吉尔一家时,我已经做了10 年的园艺工作。
(3)“在那时,然后,届时”。例如:
We will go to the countryside at the beginning of June when the summer harvest starts.我们将在六月初到乡下去,那时夏收将开始了。
The summer of 1969,when men first set foot on the moon,will never be forgotten.1969 年的夏天将永远不会被忘记,那时人类第一次登上了月球。
I stayed till noon when I went home.我待到了中午,然后就回家了。
(4)表示肯定或很有可能发生的事情,以及经常发生的事。试比较:
I’ ll do the work next week when I come back from the south.我下周从南方回来后再做这件事。(肯定会回来)
When you read this letter,I’ ll be at the front.当你看到这封信时,我将在前线了。(很可能读到此信)
When you hear a big noise,don’ t be frightened.It comes from that factory over across the street.当你听到一声巨响,不要惊慌,这是马路对面那家工厂发出的声音。(经常发生的事)
(5)由when 构成的表达“当某人刚要/准备做某事时候”的搭配。
①“Somebody was ready to do something when something happened”,例如:
I was ready to go to bed when my father came back from work.父亲下班回来时,我正准备睡觉。
②“Somebody was just doing something when something happened”,例如:
I was just going to speak when the bell rang.我刚要讲话,铃就响了。
I was just doing my homework when someone knocked at the door.我刚要做作业,某人就来敲门了。
③“Somebody was about to do something when something happened”,例如:
We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我们刚要出发时,突然下雨了。
He was about to leave when the telephone rang.他正要离开,电话铃响了。
另外,由when 引导的时间状语从句中,有以下几点应注意:
(1)when 引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是瞬间动词。when 引导的从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作可以发生在主句谓语动词之前、之后,也可以同时发生。例如:
When the meal was finished,Alice washed up and made coffee.吃完饭,爱丽丝洗了碗并煮了咖啡。(从句动词的动作发生在主句动词之前)
A man is not finished when he is defeated.He is finished when he quits.一个人被打败并不等于结束,只有他放弃了才算结束。(从句动词的动作发生在主句动词之后)
It was snowing heavily when we got to the airport.我们到达机场时,雪下得很大。(从句和主句的动词动作同时发生)
(2)在谈论过去的事情时,when 从句中的动词,按照和主句动词动作先后相距的时间长短以及是否需要强调动作已经完成等,分别使用过去完成时或过去时。例如:
When I had washed and cut the vegetables,the water in the pot began to hum.当我把蔬菜洗好切完之后,锅里的水也烧开了。(两个动词的动作时间间隔较长,并强调一个动作已经完成)
When I opened the door,the children came in.我把门一打开,孩子们就进来了。(两个动词的动作间隔不太长,且无需强调已完成开门的动作)
When I saw the enemy,I fired at once.看见敌人我就开枪了。(两个动词的动作几乎同时发生)
(3)过去完成时与含有一般过去时的when 等从句连用时,有时从句是全句的重点。例如:
Scarcely had I left the house when it began to rain.我刚离开家就开始下雨了。
He had only just reached home when a man called to see him.他刚到家就有人找。
(4)when 常和分词组成分词短语,when 后也可接形容词,起省略的状语从句的作用。例如:
It is dangerous to use mobile phone when driving.开车使用手机很危险。
This kind of steel becomes very brittle when hardened.这种钢硬化后变得很脆。
2.while 在引导时间状语从句作连词时,有下列几种意思:
(1)“……时”,表示在某一个时间段,主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。注意while 引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。例如:
He always phones while we are having lunch.他总是在我们吃午饭时打电话。
Strike while the iron is hot.打铁趁热。
While we were dancing,a stranger came in.我们正在跳舞时,一个陌生人进来了。
While I was waiting for the taxi,it rained suddenly.当我正在等出租车时,突然下雨了。
(2)“在……期间”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中。例如:
Children were told not to listen to the music while they were going over their homework.孩子们被告知不要在做作业时听音乐。
They arrived while we were having dinner.我们正在吃饭时,他们来了。
(3)while away 表示“消磨,打发(时间)”,“while somebody was away/ was on holiday/ was away on business”,表持续一段时间的状态。例如:
He was left in charge of the shop while the manager was away.当经理不在时,他被留下来负责商店。
Don’ t worry.Bill will help you look after your cat when you are away on business.不要担心,比尔在你出去出差的时候会帮忙照顾你的猫。
3.when 与while 在引导时间状语从句时的用法口诀:两长用while,主长从短用when,主短从长while、when两者均可。即主句和从句两动词都为延续性动词(长动词)的,用while;主句长动词,从句为瞬间动词(短动词)的用when;当主句动词为短动词,从句动词为长动词时,用while 和when 均可。例如:
—What were you and your father doing at 7:00 last night?
—I was doing my homework while my father was reading newspapers.
—你和你爸爸昨晚七点在干吗?
—我在做作业,而我爸爸在读报。(两长用while)
She screamed when she suddenly saw an accident happen in the street.当她突然撞见街头的车祸时,她尖叫了。(主长从短用when)
While/ when I was in Japan,I visited many places of interest.当我在日本时,我游览了很多名胜。(主短从长用while 和when 均可)